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Related Concept Videos

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
11:53

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

Published on: March 28, 2011

Assessing struvite precipitation in a pilot-scale fluidized bed crystallizer.

M Iqbal1, H Bhuiyan, D S Mavinic

  • 1Environmental Engineering Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

Environmental Technology
|November 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Recovering phosphate as struvite from wastewater using a fluidized bed reactor is cost-effective. Optimal conditions ensure high phosphate removal and pure struvite product, minimizing operational issues.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases
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Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering
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Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering

Published on: August 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Water Treatment Technologies

Background:

  • Phosphate recovery from wastewater is crucial for resource management and pollution control.
  • Struvite crystallization offers a viable method for phosphate removal and nutrient recovery.
  • Biological wastewater treatment plants generate effluents suitable for struvite precipitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor for phosphate recovery via struvite crystallization.
  • To determine optimal operating parameters for maximizing phosphate removal and product purity.
  • To investigate the impact of specific ions and organic ligands on struvite precipitation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a pilot-scale fluidized bed reactor at the University of British Columbia (UBC).
  • Controlled pH (8.0-8.2) and recycle ratios (5-9) to manage supersaturation.
  • Employed the PHREEQC model to assess the influence of acetate on struvite precipitation.
  • Analyzed the effects of calcium and carbonate ions on crystallization.

Main Results:

  • Achieved effective phosphate recovery from anaerobic digester centrate as nearly pure struvite.
  • Optimal reactor performance observed at a supersaturation ratio of 2-6.
  • Magnesium to phosphate and ammonium to phosphate molar ratios were critical for system performance.
  • Acetate concentrations below 100 mg/L did not significantly inhibit struvite precipitation.
  • Calcium and carbonate ions did not affect struvite purity due to kinetic control of their precipitation.

Conclusions:

  • The fluidized bed reactor is an effective technology for cost-effective phosphate recovery from wastewater.
  • Precise control of operating parameters is essential for maximizing efficiency and product quality.
  • Struvite crystallization can yield high-purity products with minimal interference from common ions and organic ligands.