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Related Concept Videos

Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I

Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
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Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
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Fungal Phylum Microsporidia

Microsporidia are a group of obligate intracellular fungi that were initially classified as protists but were later reclassified based on phylogenetic, molecular, and structural evidence linking them to the Chytridiomycota. These unicellular, non-motile organisms are highly specialized parasites that infect a wide range of animal hosts, including humans. They have evolved extensive genomic and metabolic reductions, making them highly dependent on their hosts for survival.Morphology and Genomic...
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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans
11:07

Macrophage Cholesterol Depletion and Its Effect on the Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans

Published on: December 19, 2014

Managing cryptococcosis in the immunocompromised host.

Joseph N Jarvis1, Francoise Dromer, Thomas S Harrison

  • 1Centre for Infection, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, St. George's University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK.

Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases
|November 4, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimizing antifungal treatment for HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis is crucial. Amphotericin B-based combination therapy demonstrates superior fungicidal activity for improved patient outcomes in immunocompromised hosts.

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy has improved HIV outcomes, but cryptococcal meningitis remains a significant threat.
  • High incidence and mortality rates persist despite treatment advances.
  • Effective acute management of cryptococcal infection in immunocompromised individuals is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the acute management of HIV-associated cryptococcal disease.
  • To summarize research optimizing antifungal regimens and managing complications.
  • To identify promising therapeutic strategies for cryptococcal meningitis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on antifungal therapies for cryptococcal meningitis.
  • Analysis of data on optimizing antifungal drug dosages and combinations.
  • Evaluation of strategies for managing raised cerebrospinal fluid pressure and immune reconstitution syndrome.

Main Results:

  • Higher dose Amphotericin B (1 mg/kg/day) shows more rapid fungicidal activity than standard doses.
  • Combination therapy with flucytosine and Amphotericin B is supported by new data.
  • Amphotericin B plus high-dose fluconazole (800 mg) is superior to Amphotericin B alone.
  • Fluconazole monotherapy (400 mg) is less fungicidal and risks secondary resistance.

Conclusions:

  • Rapidly fungicidal initial antifungal therapy, particularly Amphotericin B-based combinations, is recommended.
  • Further research is needed to optimize oral antifungal regimens when Amphotericin B is not feasible.
  • Promising new regimens should be selected for clinical trials based on fungicidal activity and safety data.