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Real-time chemical responses in the nucleus accumbens differentiate rewarding and aversive stimuli

Mitchell F Roitman1, Robert A Wheeler, R Mark Wightman

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA. mroitman@uic.edu

Nature Neuroscience
|November 4, 2008
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Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...