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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Alternate Immersion in Glucose to Produce Prolonged Hyperglycemia in Zebrafish
05:49

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Published on: May 5, 2021

Glucose Toxicity: a case report.

Stanley S Lefkowitz1, Doris L Lefkowitz, Daniel Le

  • 1Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA. sslefkowitz@yahoo.com.

Cases Journal
|November 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A patient developed a severe sugar sensitivity, experiencing symptoms like pain and fever after glucose intake, with elevated tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Mannose supplementation helped minimize these adverse reactions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Glucose toxicity is an abnormal physiological state.
  • Excessive tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production can occur in some individuals after sugar ingestion.
  • A case study investigated a patient with a progressive, severe sensitivity to sugars.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document a rare case of sugar-induced adverse reactions.
  • To investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in sugar sensitivity.
  • To explore potential therapeutic interventions for sugar sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • A 47-year-old male patient gradually developed severe food sensitivities over 12 years.
  • The patient reported symptoms including pain and fever after consuming sugar-containing foods.
  • Controlled glucose challenge revealed elevated serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels.

Main Results:

  • The patient experienced significant adverse reactions, including angst, pain, and fever, following sugar intake.
  • Serum analysis confirmed elevated levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) after glucose challenge.
  • Dietary elimination of specific foods became necessary to manage symptoms.

Conclusions:

  • Mannose is known to inhibit TNF induction by macrophages.
  • Mannose administration, both before and after symptom onset, reduced the severity of adverse reactions.
  • Further research is needed for a complete understanding of these glucose-induced inflammatory events.