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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
Topologically Associated Domains (TADs)
The 3-dimensional positioning of chromatin in the nucleus influences the timing and level of...

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
10:28

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers

Published on: September 20, 2018

Chromatin remodeling: the interface between extrinsic cues and the genetic code?

Shereen Ezzat1

  • 1Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Hospital, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. shereen.ezzat@utoronto.ca

Clinical and Investigative Medicine. Medecine Clinique Et Experimentale
|November 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetics, changes in gene expression without altering DNA, offers insights beyond genetics. Research explores how environmental factors influence these epigenetic modifications, impacting health and disease.

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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Genetics

Background:

  • The Human Genome Project aimed to link DNA sequence to traits and diseases, but limitations became apparent.
  • Genetic factors alone cannot fully explain variations in disease phenotypes or differences in identical twins.
  • This highlights the need to explore other biological mechanisms influencing health.

Discussion:

  • Epigenetics, traditionally defined as heritable changes in gene expression without DNA sequence alteration, is gaining renewed interest.
  • The definition of epigenetics is evolving to include acquired changes in response to environmental stimuli, such as chemical exposures.
  • This research investigates the role of epigenetics in the nature vs. nurture debate.

Key Insights:

  • Intragenic mutations in cancer enabled targeted therapies, but genetic codes alone are insufficient for understanding disease diversity.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms provide a crucial layer of gene regulation beyond the DNA sequence.
  • Laboratory studies demonstrate the significance of epigenetics in explaining biological variability.

Outlook:

  • Epigenetic research holds significant potential for clinical applications and understanding complex diseases.
  • Further investigation into environmentally acquired epigenetic changes is warranted.
  • Integrating epigenetic insights may revolutionize personalized medicine and disease prevention strategies.