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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Related Experiment Video

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Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy
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Dendritic cell differentiation induced by a self-peptide derived from apolipoprotein E.

Tracey A Stephens1, Enayat Nikoopour, Beverly J Rider

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.

Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)
|November 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

A self-peptide, Ep1.B, transforms monocytes into dendritic cells (DCs). This discovery offers a novel approach for immunotherapy by modulating T cell responses and immune tolerance.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that regulate T cell immunity and tolerance.
  • DCs are unique candidates for immunotherapy due to their ability to control T cell responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of a naturally processed self-peptide from apolipoprotein E, Ep1.B, to induce dendritic cell differentiation.
  • To explore the immunomodulatory effects of Ep1.B-induced dendritic cells.

Main Methods:

  • Treatment of monocytic cell lines (PU5-1.8, U937) and primary monocytes with Ep1.B.
  • Microscopy and flow cytometry to analyze cell morphology and surface marker expression (DEC-205, CD11c, B7.1, B7.2).
  • Assessment of T cell proliferation, cytokine production (IFN-gamma, IL-10), and signaling pathways (PI3K, MAPK, NF-kappaB).

Main Results:

  • Ep1.B induced DC-like morphology, including decreased adherence, increased aggregation, and dendritic processes.
  • Ep1.B upregulated key DC surface markers (DEC-205, CD11c, B7.1, B7.2) in various cell types and mouse strains.
  • Ep1.B co-administration with OVA peptide dampened immune response to OVA, reducing T cell proliferation and IFN-gamma, while increasing IL-10.
  • Ep1.B activated PI3K, MAPK signaling pathways, and the transcription factor NF-kappaB, independent of MyD88-dependent TLR signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Ep1.B effectively induces differentiation of monocytes into functional dendritic cells.
  • Ep1.B possesses immunomodulatory properties, capable of dampening specific immune responses and promoting a tolerogenic environment.
  • Ep1.B represents a promising therapeutic agent for immunotherapy, leveraging DC differentiation for immune modulation.