Secondary poisoning hazard of fenthion to American kestrels

The possibility that fenthion, an organophosphorus pesticide, could represent a secondary poisoning hazard to birds of prey was tested, using American kestrels (Falco sparverius) and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) as representative models of a naturally occurring predator-prey interaction. Fourteen kestrels were presented with live sparrows exposed previously to perches containing Rid-A-Bird 1100 solution (11% fenthion active ingredient). Eleven kestrels died within twenty-four h after consuming one fenthion-exposed sparrow. Two kestrels died after consumption of a second fenthion-exposed sparrow on day 2, and a final kestrel died after partially consuming a third fenthion-exposed sparrow on day 3. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity in kestrels was depressed to levels diagnostic of poisoning by a ChE-inhibiting compound. The majority of fenthion contamination of sparrows was external, with the highest amounts measured on the feet. The detection of fenthion residues in kestrel gastro-intestinal tracts confirmed secondary fenthion poisoning.