Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

Microbiome of the Eye

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...

Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion

Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. In 1909, he formulated his first two laws based on the observations of his forebears, Nikolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe. However, in 1918, he published his third law of planetary motion, which gives a precise mathematical relationship between a planet's average distance from the Sun and the amount of time it takes to revolve around the Sun. It...

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion

In the early 17th century, German astronomer and mathematician Johannes Kepler postulated three laws for the motion of planets in the solar system. His first law states that all planets orbit the Sun in an elliptical orbit, with the Sun at one of the ellipse's foci. Therefore, the distance of a planet from the Sun varies throughout its revolution around the Sun.
While in an elliptical orbit, the total energy of the planet is conserved. Therefore, the planet slows down when it is at apogee and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Next generation open access visualization of neuroanatomy through 3D modeling and 3D printing.

Anatomical sciences education·2026

Same author

Infection control in the brain and the eye.

Acta ophthalmologica·2026

Same author

Challenges of access to cadavers in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) for undergraduate medical teaching: a review and potential solutions in the form of 3D printed replicas.

3D printing in medicine·2025

Same author

Evolution of the ocular immune system.

Eye (London, England)·2024

Same author

Applying 3D surface scanning technology to create photorealistic three-dimensional printed replicas of human anatomy.

Future science OA·2024

Same author

The Third Dimension: 3D Printed Replicas and Other Alternatives to Cadaver-Based Learning.

Advances in experimental medicine and biology·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Published on: February 12, 2013

Ida Mann Lecture 2007: Planet eye.

Paul G McMenamin¹

¹School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, and Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia and Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. mcmenamin@anhb.uwa.edu.au

Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology

|November 6, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This lecture uses a nature documentary analogy to explore the eye's microenvironments and immune cells. It aims to educate ophthalmologists on ocular immunology by comparing immune cells to diverse wildlife.

More Related Videos

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes

Published on: June 10, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Bringing the Visible Universe into Focus with Robo-AO

Published on: February 12, 2013

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Published on: March 25, 2011

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes

Eye-tracking Technology and Data-mining Techniques used for a Behavioral Analysis of Adults engaged in Learning Processes

Published on: June 10, 2021

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Immunology
Ocular Microbiology

Background:

The Ida Mann Lecture provided an opportunity to explore ocular microenvironments.
A popular nature documentary series inspired an analogy between the eye and Planet Earth.

Discussion:

Immune cells within the eye are likened to diverse wildlife populations.
Ocular microenvironments are presented as unique ecological niches.

Key Insights:

The eye harbors a complex ecosystem of immune cells.
Understanding these ocular immune cells is crucial for ophthalmology.

Outlook:

Further exploration of ocular immune cell functions is warranted.
This comparative approach can enhance understanding and education in ophthalmology.