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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation01:29

Cholesterol: Significance and Regulation

Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
Considering cholesterol and...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Association between serum cholesterol and bone mineral density.

Joanna Makovey1, Jian Sheng Chen, Chris Hayward

  • 1Institute of Bone and Joint Research, Kolling Institute, Royal North Shore Hospital, University of Sydney, Australia. jmakovey@med.usyd.edu.au

Bone
|November 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Serum cholesterol is inversely related to bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women, particularly those not using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). HRT appears to modify this association, warranting further investigation into the underlying mechanisms.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Cardiovascular Health

Background:

  • Hypercholesterolemia, characterized by high cholesterol levels, has been inconsistently linked to reduced bone mineral density (BMD).
  • Understanding the interplay between lipid profiles, menopausal status, and bone health is crucial for targeted interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how age, menopausal status, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) influence the relationship between serum cholesterol and BMD in women.
  • To clarify the specific associations between different lipid fractions (TC, LDL, HDL) and BMD across various menopausal stages.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional study involving 497 women (aged 20-81), categorized into premenopausal and postmenopausal groups (with and without HRT).
  • Measurements included bone mineral density (BMD) at various sites and serum lipid profiles (total cholesterol, LDL, HDL).
  • Statistical analyses, including univariate and adjusted regression models, were employed to assess associations and interactions.

Main Results:

  • Postmenopausal women not on HRT exhibited higher total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with lower lumbar spine BMD compared to HRT users.
  • Negative associations were observed between TC/LDL and BMD in postmenopausal women not on HRT, and between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and BMD in premenopausal women and HRT users.
  • Adjusted models confirmed significant inverse relationships between TC and BMD at the lumbar spine and whole body, and between LDL and lumbar spine BMD.
  • Significant interactions between TC/LDL and HRT were detected in postmenopausal women, suggesting HRT modifies these lipid-BMD relationships.

Conclusions:

  • A modest inverse relationship exists between serum TC and LDL levels and BMD (lumbar spine, whole body) in postmenopausal women.
  • HDL shows an inverse relationship with BMD in premenopausal women.
  • Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) appears to modulate the associations between serum lipids and BMD, highlighting its potential role in bone health maintenance.