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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

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In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis
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Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in equine tumors.

D H Thamm1, E J Ehrhart, J B Charles

  • 1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1620, USA. dthamm@colostate.edu

Veterinary Pathology
|November 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is present in most equine squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and many melanomas. This suggests these equine tumors may respond to COX-2 inhibitor therapies, offering potential new treatment options.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme involved in prostaglandin synthesis, promoting tumor growth, survival, angiogenesis, and immune suppression.
  • Pharmacologic inhibition of COX-2 has demonstrated antitumor effects in various human and canine cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the expression of COX-2 in equine sarcoids, melanomas, and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC).
  • To evaluate the potential for COX-2 inhibitor therapy in these equine malignancies.

Main Methods:

  • Standard immunohistochemical methods were used to assess COX-2 expression.
  • Tissues analyzed included 14 equine sarcoids, 11 melanomas, and 37 SCC from various anatomical locations.
  • Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples were utilized.

Main Results:

  • COX-2 expression was detected in 2/14 sarcoids, 7/11 melanomas, and 32/37 SCC.
  • Over half (56%) of the SCC cases exhibited moderate-to-strong COX-2 immunoreactivity.
  • No significant differences in COX-2 expression were observed across different anatomical sites.

Conclusions:

  • The majority of equine SCC and a substantial proportion of melanomas express COX-2.
  • These findings indicate that equine SCC and melanomas are potential candidates for treatment with COX-2 inhibitor drugs.
  • Further research into COX-2 inhibitor efficacy in equine oncology is warranted.