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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
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Treatment Resistent Cancers

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Related Experiment Videos

Emerging ethnic differences in lung cancer therapy.

I Sekine1, N Yamamoto, K Nishio

  • 1Division of Internal Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan. isekine@ncc.go.jp

British Journal of Cancer
|November 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Global lung cancer trials show diverse results across populations. Ethnic differences in physiology and genetic variations in drug metabolism and transporters may explain these variations, impacting treatment efficacy and toxicity.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacogenomics
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Global clinical trials for lung cancer accelerate drug development but raise questions about extrapolating results across diverse populations.
  • Observed variations in haematological toxicity in phase III lung cancer trials across different countries suggest underlying population-specific factors.
  • Ethnic differences in physiological capacities for white blood cell production and genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolising enzymes and transporters are potential contributors to treatment variability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of ethnic variations on the outcomes of global lung cancer clinical trials.
  • To explore the role of pharmacogenomic and tumour genetic differences in explaining inter-population variability in drug response and toxicity.
  • To highlight the importance of considering these differences in the design and interpretation of global clinical trials for lung cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of phase III clinical trial data for lung cancer drug combinations across different countries.
  • Review of existing literature on ethnic variations in drug metabolism (e.g., CYP3A4, UGT1A1), drug transport (e.g., ABCB1), and physiological responses.
  • Examination of population-specific genetic factors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations and their correlation with drug efficacy and adverse events like interstitial lung disease.

Main Results:

  • Significant diversity in haematological toxicity was observed for the same lung cancer drug combinations when comparing trials conducted in different countries.
  • Ethnic populations exhibit variations in physiological capacities for white blood cell production and maturation.
  • Polymorphisms in drug-metabolising enzymes (CYP3A4, UGT1A1) and transporters (ABCB1) differ across ethnic groups, potentially influencing drug response.
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors show greater efficacy in Asian patients, correlating with a higher incidence of EGFR-activating mutations.
  • Interstitial lung disease associated with gefitinib is more prevalent in Japanese patients.

Conclusions:

  • Results from global lung cancer trials may not be fully generalizable to all populations due to significant ethnic variations.
  • Pharmacogenomic and tumour genetic differences play a crucial role in individual responses to anticancer agents.
  • Careful consideration of these genetic and physiological differences is essential for the successful design and execution of global clinical trials in lung cancer.