Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 28, 2026
06:30
Ocular Therapeutic Delivery and Advanced Tissue Retrieval in Adult Rats
Published on: May 23, 2025
Conscious sedation during ophthalmic surgery under local anesthesia
J H Woo1, K G Au Eong, C M Kumar
1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore. yhhaur01@hotmail.com
Minerva Anestesiologica
|November 7, 2008
Summary
Sedation for eye surgery under local anesthesia requires careful consideration of patient needs and procedure type. Anesthesiologists must balance various sedative agents, as no single approach is ideal for all ophthalmic patients.
Area of Science:
- Anesthesiology
- Ophthalmology
Background:
- Sedation is crucial for patient comfort and cooperation during ophthalmic surgery under local anesthesia.
- Evolving surgical and anesthetic techniques have altered sedation requirements in ophthalmic patients.
- Current sedative options include benzodiazepines, anesthetic induction agents, narcotic analgesics, and alpha-adrenoreceptor agonists.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the current landscape of sedative agents and techniques used in ophthalmic local anesthesia.
- To highlight the challenges and risks associated with sedation in diverse ophthalmic procedures and patient populations.
- To emphasize the importance of tailored sedative strategies based on patient and procedural factors.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing literature on sedation in ophthalmic surgery.
- Discussion of various classes of sedative agents and their pharmacological properties.
- Analysis of clinical practice variations and potential complications.
Main Results:
- No single ideal sedative agent, regimen, or protocol exists for all ophthalmic procedures.
- Sedation practices vary significantly, carrying inherent risks and potential adverse events.
- Balanced sedative techniques require careful consideration of patient profile, surgical type, and preferences.
Conclusions:
- Effective sedation in ophthalmic surgery necessitates a thorough understanding of sedative pharmacology.
- Tailored, balanced sedative approaches are essential for optimizing patient care and surgical outcomes.
- Individualized sedation strategies, considering patient and procedural specifics, are fundamental.
Related Concept Videos
01:22Stages of General Anesthesia
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
01:23Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems
Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
01:24General Anesthesia: Overview
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
01:23Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
01:24Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
01:30Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...