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Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...

Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

Hormone replacement therapy post Women's Health Initiative study: where do we stand?

Jean Calleja-Agius¹, Mark P Brincat

¹Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta. jean@waldonet.net.mt

Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology

|November 8, 2008

Summary

Hormone replacement therapy use has declined significantly among menopausal women. Further research into long-term effects, particularly ultra-low dose hormone therapy, is essential.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

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Published on: June 7, 2012

Area of Science:

Reproductive Endocrinology
Women's Health
Clinical Trials

Background:

The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) Trial significantly impacted clinical practice regarding hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Understanding the evolving landscape of HRT use post-WHI is crucial for patient care.
Recent literature reflects shifts in therapeutic approaches for menopausal symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review recent publications (past 18 months) on the impact of the WHI Trial on HRT.
To analyze current trends in HRT utilization and clinical recommendations.
To identify knowledge gaps in HRT research.

Main Methods:

Comprehensive literature search of scientific databases.
Inclusion of studies published within the last 18 months.
Qualitative synthesis of findings related to HRT impact and trends.

Main Results:

A notable decrease in HRT prescriptions for menopausal women has been observed.
Clinical guidelines and patient choices have been influenced by WHI findings.
Emerging research explores alternative or modified HRT regimens.

Conclusions:

Continued investigation into the long-term safety and efficacy of HRT is warranted.
Specific focus on ultra-low dose hormone therapy is recommended for future research.
Evidence-based recommendations for HRT require ongoing evaluation and updates.