Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane

Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
Protein Transport to the Thylakoids01:22

Protein Transport to the Thylakoids

Thylakoids are membrane-bound sac-like structures within the chloroplast that serve as sites for photosynthesis. Thylakoid lumen contains many electron transport proteins and is enclosed by a thylakoid membrane rich in the light-harvesting complex. Proteins targeted to the thylakoids are transported as precursors and are sorted by the general TOC/TIC import pathway. Once the precursor reaches the stroma, stromal processing peptidases remove their transit signal and expose thylakoid signal...
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
Protein Transport to the Stroma01:24

Protein Transport to the Stroma

Chloroplasts are triple membrane structures with an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and a thylakoid membrane, each containing distinct metabolite transporters, membrane translocons, and enzymes. Appropriate sorting and translocating these proteins to their correct membrane systems is essential for chloroplast function.
Protein complexes called the translocon of the outer chloroplast membrane or TOC complex, and the translocon of the inner chloroplast membrane or TIC complex mediate the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Transmembrane Glutamate Serves as a pH Sensor for Tha4 Oligomerization During Twin Arginine Transport of Proteins.

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

The Expression, Purification, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Membrane Topology Classification of KCNE4 from Recombinant <i>E. coli</i>.

The journal of physical chemistry. B·2025
Same author

The N-terminal Domain of cpTatC Protein Interacts with the Precursor Mature Domain in Chloroplast TAT Translocation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024
Same author

Dynamic protein-protein interactions of KCNQ1 and KCNE1 measured by EPR line shape analysis.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Biomembranes·2024
Same author

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic characterization of the human KCNE3 protein in lipodisq nanoparticles for structural dynamics of membrane proteins.

Biophysical chemistry·2023
Same author

The role of native cysteine residues in the oligomerization of KCNQ1 channels.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts
06:29

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts

Published on: December 10, 2018

Plastid protein import and sorting: different paths to the same compartments.

Kenneth Cline1, Carole Dabney-Smith

  • 1Horticultural Sciences Department and Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, 1109 Fifield Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, United States.

Current Opinion in Plant Biology
|November 8, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study explores emerging pathways for protein import into chloroplasts, focusing on the Tat translocase and novel routes to envelope membranes. Understanding these mechanisms is key to chloroplast biogenesis and function.

More Related Videos

Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants
10:18

Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants

Published on: November 1, 2016

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics
10:28

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics

Published on: October 19, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts
06:29

Studying Protein Import into Chloroplasts Using Protoplasts

Published on: December 10, 2018

Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants
10:18

Analysis of Protein Import into Chloroplasts Isolated from Stressed Plants

Published on: November 1, 2016

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics
10:28

Preparation of Chloroplast Sub-compartments from Arabidopsis for the Analysis of Protein Localization by Immunoblotting or Proteomics

Published on: October 19, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Chloroplasts rely on nuclear-encoded proteins synthesized in the cytosol.
  • Major protein import pathways involve chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane translocases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight emerging areas in chloroplast protein import and routing.
  • To discuss the Tat translocase, envelope membrane routes, and novel import pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on protein translocation in chloroplasts.
  • Focus on specific systems like Tat translocase and Tic apparatus.

Main Results:

  • The Tat translocase transports folded proteins, operating alongside the Sec system.
  • Diverse routes to envelope membranes are being uncovered, aiding understanding of Tic sorting.
  • Novel protein import pathways, including from the secretory system, are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging research expands our understanding of chloroplast protein import beyond established pathways.
  • Further investigation into these novel routes will illuminate chloroplast biogenesis and development.