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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and are...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
ATP Synthase: Structure01:18

ATP Synthase: Structure

ATP synthase or ATPase is among the most conserved proteins found in bacteria, mammals, and plants. This enzyme can catalyze a forward reaction in response to the electrochemical gradient, producing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. ATP synthase can also work in a reverse direction by hydrolyzing ATP and generating an electrochemical gradient. Different forms of ATP synthases have evolved special features to meet the specific demands of the cell. Based on their specific feature, ATP...
ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measuring In Vitro ATPase Activity for Enzymatic Characterization
07:38

Measuring In Vitro ATPase Activity for Enzymatic Characterization

Published on: August 23, 2016

Looking back at prospective studies.

Carolyn M Rutter1

  • 1Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. rutter.c@ghc.org

Academic Radiology
|November 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This article critiques statistical methods in retrospective analyses, focusing on receiver-operating characteristic curves, Bonferroni adjustments, and site variability. It highlights issues in analyzing prospective studies like the Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial.

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A Semi-High-Throughput Adaptation of the NADH-Coupled ATPase Assay for Screening Small Molecule Inhibitors
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Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays
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Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays

Published on: February 19, 2013

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Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays
12:48

Measuring Cation Transport by Na,K- and H,K-ATPase in Xenopus Oocytes by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: An Alternative to Radioisotope Assays

Published on: February 19, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Medical imaging analysis
  • Biostatistics
  • Clinical trial methodology

Background:

  • Retrospective analyses of prospective studies can present methodological challenges.
  • Gur's perspective highlights issues with specific statistical techniques in such analyses.
  • These issues are relevant across various study designs, not just retrospective ones.

Discussion:

  • Critique of using parametric receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the ROC curve (AUC) as performance measures.
  • Discussion on the limitations of Bonferroni adjustments for multiple comparisons in complex datasets.
  • Emphasis on the necessity of evaluating result variability across different sites and observers.

Key Insights:

  • The Digital Mammographic Imaging Screening Trial (DMIST) data serves as a case study to illustrate these analytical problems.
  • Identified issues are not confined to retrospective designs but have broader implications.
  • Understanding these analytical pitfalls is crucial for accurate clinical inference.

Outlook:

  • Recommends improved analytical strategies for retrospective and exploratory studies.
  • Suggests a need for greater transparency in reporting statistical methods and variability.
  • Advocates for more robust methods to ensure the reliability of findings from secondary data analyses.