Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Development and Evaluation of a Virtual Reality Module for Emergency Front-of-Neck Access Training.

Simulation in healthcare : journal of the Society for Simulation in Healthcare·2026
Same author

Expert Consensus Statement on the Perioperative Management of Adult Patients Undergoing High-Risk Thyroidectomy from the Society for Head and Neck Anesthesia.

Anesthesia and analgesia·2026
Same author

The role of nudges in studies comparing drugs with empiric dosing.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy·2026
Same author

Moving Lumbar Drain Placement to IR From the Operating Room Creates Time and Cost Savings.

Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery·2025
Same author

The narrow airway: from high-frequency jet ventilation to flow-controlled ventilation.

Current opinion in anaesthesiology·2025
Same author

Endoscopy and anesthesia outcomes associated with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use in patients undergoing outpatient upper endoscopy.

Gastrointestinal endoscopy·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Recent advances in patient-controlled sedation.

Joshua H Atkins1, Jeff E Mandel

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103, USA.

Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology
|November 11, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Patient-controlled sedation (PCS) offers an alternative to traditional sedation methods, driven by technological advances and demand for cost-effective procedures. Further research into PCS may improve patient acceptance and application.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Minimally invasive procedures have increased the need for procedural sedation.
  • Patient-controlled sedation (PCS) has been available for nearly two decades but lacks recent comprehensive review.
  • Current sedation practices face demands for cost-effectiveness and patient-centered approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current state and advancements in patient-controlled sedation (PCS).
  • To explore the evolution and potential of PCS as an alternative to traditional sedation methods.
  • To identify limitations and future directions for PCS systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on procedural sedation and patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) models.
  • Analysis of technological advancements influencing sedation practices.
  • Examination of pharmacological agents and their role in sedation titrations.

Main Results:

  • Technological progress, cost pressures, and new pharmacologic agents have spurred the development of alternative sedation techniques.
  • Patient-controlled sedation (PCS) and patient-maintained sedation, particularly with propofol, are emerging as viable alternatives.
  • These methods build upon principles of traditional patient-controlled analgesia (PCA).

Conclusions:

  • PCS has been applied across diverse procedures, but 'off-the-shelf' systems require significant tuning.
  • Novel approaches to PCS are being developed to overcome current limitations.
  • Enhanced understanding of sedation psychology could improve patient acceptance and outcomes.