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Related Concept Videos

Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions01:15

Impact of Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Models: Regulatory Decisions

PK–PD modeling has significantly influenced FDA regulatory decisions, particularly drug approval, dosage optimization, and labeling. These models integrate pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) to predict drug behavior and effects, aiding in optimizing dosing regimens and enhancing the probability of clinical trial success.One notable example is Nesiritide (Natrecor®), a recombinant human brain natriuretic peptide for treating acute decompensated congestive heart failure (CHF).
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems01:24

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Problems

The empirical approach to drug therapy optimization relies on correlating pharmacological response with administered dosage. Such an approach can be costly, time-consuming, and often yields poor correlation due to variables like formulation factors and drug elimination characteristics. A more precise approach correlates response with plasma drug concentration or the amount of drug in the body, rather than dosage. This is achieved through pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling, which...
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Pharmacodynamic Models: Overview

Pharmacodynamic (PD) responses describe the interaction between a drug and its biological target, culminating in a physiological effect. These responses can be classified into different types: continuous variables, such as blood glucose levels; categorical outcomes, like survival rates; and time-to-event metrics, such as disease progression. Understanding and modeling PD responses are critical for optimizing drug efficacy and safety.PD models describe the relationship between drug concentration...
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It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...
Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Model Components01:14

Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Relationship: Model Components

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) modeling is essential in drug development and clinical pharmacology. It provides a quantitative framework to predict drug behavior and response over time. This approach integrates pharmacokinetics (PK), which describes the drug's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, with pharmacodynamics (PD), which characterizes the drug’s biological effects and mechanisms of action.The disposition kinetics of a drug determine its plasma...
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Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
05:10

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Formulary access using a PDA-based drug reference tool: does it affect prescribing behavior?

Jason A Lyman1, Mark Conaway, Sheryl Lowenhar

  • 1Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.

AMIA ... Annual Symposium Proceedings. AMIA Symposium
|November 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Physicians using handheld drug reference tools like Epocrates showed less increase in prescribing non-formulary drugs. This suggests digital formulary access can improve cost-effective medication choices.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
05:10

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Health Informatics
  • Pharmacoeconomics
  • Clinical Decision Support

Background:

  • Electronic health records and digital tools are increasingly used in clinical practice.
  • Formulary management is crucial for controlling healthcare costs and optimizing medication use.
  • Physician access to real-time formulary information may influence prescribing patterns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of handheld drug reference tools with formulary access on physician prescribing behavior.
  • To determine if digital formulary access influences the utilization of generic (Tier 1) versus non-generic, non-formulary (Tier 3) medications.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective before-after study design.
  • Analysis of physician prescribing behavior within a large, national health plan.
  • Comparison of prescribing trends between physicians with and without Epocrates (TM) formulary access.

Main Results:

  • Physicians utilizing Epocrates (TM) demonstrated a significantly smaller increase (0.5%) in Tier 3 (non-generic, non-formulary) medication prescribing over time.
  • This suggests a potential for digital tools to mitigate the rise in utilization of more expensive medications.

Conclusions:

  • Handheld drug reference tools providing formulary access are associated with more judicious prescribing of non-formulary medications.
  • Integrating digital formulary information into clinical workflows may be an effective strategy for promoting cost-effective prescribing and formulary adherence.