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Related Concept Videos

Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high pressures...
Elastic Collisions: Case Study01:15

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Elastic collision of a system demands conservation of both momentum and kinetic energy. To solve problems involving one-dimensional elastic collisions between two objects, the equations for conservation of momentum and conservation of internal kinetic energy can be used. For the two objects, the sum of momentum before the collision equals the total momentum after the collision. An elastic collision conserves internal kinetic energy, and so the sum of kinetic energies before the collision equals...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography
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Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography

Published on: September 29, 2019

Visualization of collisional substructure in granular shock waves.

John A Perez1, Samuel B Kachuck, Greg A Voth

  • 1Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|November 13, 2008
PubMed
Summary

We observed acoustic waves with a unique serrated substructure during shock wave propagation in a granular gas. This pattern arises from sequential particle collisions, each transferring momentum and energy across a single particle diameter.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Granular Materials Science
  • Wave Phenomena

Background:

  • Granular gases are systems of particles that behave like gases.
  • Understanding shock wave dynamics is crucial in various fields, including geophysics and materials science.
  • Quasi-two-dimensional systems offer a simplified yet relevant model for studying complex phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation and propagation of shock waves in a vertically driven quasi-two-dimensional granular gas.
  • To analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of particle velocity distributions during shock wave propagation.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms responsible for observed substructures in acoustic waves.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental setup involving a vertically driven quasi-two-dimensional granular gas.
  • Measurement of single particle velocity distribution moments over space and time.
  • Analysis of space-time fields to identify wave characteristics and substructures.

Main Results:

  • Observation of acoustic waves within the granular gas during shock wave propagation.
  • Identification of a distinct serrated substructure within these acoustic waves, on the scale of a single particle diameter.
  • Correlation of the substructure with collisional transport phenomena.

Conclusions:

  • The serrated substructure in acoustic waves is a direct consequence of collisional transport.
  • Sequential collisions sequentially transfer momentum and energy across the granular system.
  • This finding provides insight into the micro-mechanisms governing shock wave behavior in granular media.