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Seizures l: Introduction

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...

Seizures: Classification

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...

Hepatic Encephalopathy

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Encephalitis l: Introduction

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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

Published on: July 12, 2021

Cognitive dysfunction after experimental febrile seizures.

Céline M Dubé¹, Jun-Li Zhou, Mark Hamamura

¹Department of Pediatrics, ZOT 4475, University of California, Irvine 92697-4475, USA.

Experimental Neurology

|November 13, 2008

Summary

Experimental febrile seizures in rats caused cognitive deficits, particularly in memory and spatial navigation. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed hippocampal abnormalities correlating with these deficits.

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Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

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A Behavioral Screen for Heat-Induced Seizures in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

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Published on: July 12, 2021

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Assessment of Memory Function in Pilocarpine-induced Epileptic Mice

Published on: June 4, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Developmental Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

Febrile seizures in children typically have good prognoses.
A subset of children experiencing febrile seizures develop cognitive impairments.
The causal link between febrile seizures and cognitive deficits remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the long-term cognitive effects of experimental febrile seizures.
To evaluate hippocampal and prefrontal cortex function in adult rats with a history of febrile seizures.
To determine if MRI can serve as a biomarker for cognitive deficits post-febrile seizures.

Main Methods:

Adult rats with prior experimental febrile seizures underwent cognitive testing using the Morris water maze.
Hippocampal CA1 place cell activity and interneuron firing were analyzed.
Brain MRI scans, specifically T2 values in the hippocampus, were assessed.

Main Results:

Rats with a history of febrile seizures exhibited deficits in working memory, reference memory, and strategy shifting.
Abnormal firing rates and reduced stability of hippocampal CA1 place cells were observed.
Elevated hippocampal MRI T2 values in 50% of seizure-experienced rats correlated with worse cognitive performance.

Conclusions:

Experimental febrile seizures can lead to cognitive dysfunction involving hippocampal and prefrontal cortex networks.
Dysfunction in hippocampal CA1 place cells and interneurons contributes to memory deficits.
MRI T2 values may serve as a potential biomarker for hippocampal deficits in models of prolonged febrile seizures.