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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Reaching while walking: reaching distance costs more than walking distance.

David A Rosenbaum¹

¹Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA. dar12@psu.edu

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

|November 13, 2008

Summary

People planning everyday actions like walking and object manipulation show a right-hand preference. This bias shifts based on reach comfort and target location, influenced by functional distance costs.

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Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults

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Published on: February 8, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

Published on: April 30, 2020

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults

Published on: February 8, 2019

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Motor Control
Human Movement Science

Background:

Limited understanding of planning and control in everyday physical actions.
Everyday actions involve complex coordination of movement and decision-making.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate planning and control of physical actions, specifically walking and object manipulation.
Determine factors influencing hand preference and walking path during object retrieval.

Main Methods:

University students performed a task involving picking up and carrying an object (beach bucket).
Object and target positions were varied on a table relative to the participant's start.
Participants' walking paths and hand choices for object manipulation were recorded.

Main Results:

Right-handed participants predominantly preferred walking left and using their right hand for retrieval.
Deviations from this preference occurred with uncomfortable reaching distances or distant targets.
A mathematical model incorporating right-hand bias and functional distance accurately predicted behavior.

Conclusions:

Motor planning for object retrieval is influenced by a combination of handedness bias and spatial-motor costs.
The cost of reaching is estimated to be twice the cost of walking for similar distances.
These findings offer insights into the predictive control of everyday physical actions.