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Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their access...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: June 19, 2017

Chondrocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells.

Jan Kramer¹, Claudia Hegert, Gunnar Hargus

¹Department of Medical Molecular Biology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.

|November 13, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Embryonic stem cells differentiate into bone and cartilage cells in vitro, revealing new insights into skeletal development and potential cellular therapies. This model aids in understanding complex differentiation pathways.

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Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: July 18, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: June 19, 2017

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Published on: July 18, 2017

Area of Science:

Stem cell biology
Developmental biology
Skeletal biology

Background:

Limited understanding of cellular differentiation in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis.
Complex interactions of differentiation factors remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

Analyze chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation using embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation in vitro.
Characterize developmental lineages from pluripotent ES cells to chondrocytes and osteocytes.
Investigate alternative osteogenic pathways bypassing chondrogenic stages.

Main Methods:

Utilized embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation in vitro via embryoid bodies (EBs).
Characterized cell lineages resembling in vivo skeletal development.
Applied transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta family and micro-manipulation for chondrocyte isolation.
Analyzed dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of isolated chondrocytes.

Main Results:

ES cells differentiated into chondrocytes and osteocytes through stages mirroring in vivo skeletal development.
Identified a distinct osteogenic lineage bypassing the chondrogenic stage.
Isolated an unknown cDNA fragment with developmentally regulated expression in EB differentiation.
TGF-beta modulated chondrogenesis but was insufficient for pure chondrocyte cultures.
Micro-manipulated chondrocytes dedifferentiated and redifferentiated, with some transdifferentiating into other mesenchymal types.

Conclusions:

The in vitro EB differentiation system is valuable for studying chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation.
ES cell-derived chondrocytes exhibit significant differentiation plasticity.
This model system offers potential for cellular therapy applications in skeletal regeneration.