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Related Concept Videos

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin studies.
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
Schizophrenia01:17

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those diagnosed.
Sex Linked Disorders01:43

Sex Linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Standardized Data Acquisition for Neuromelanin-Sensitive Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Substantia Nigra
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Do sex differences affect prefrontal cortex associated cognition in schizophrenia?

Daniela Roesch-Ely1, Eva Hornberger, Stephan Weiland

  • 1Department of General Adult Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. daniela_roesch@med.uni-heidelberg.de

Schizophrenia Research
|November 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found no sex differences in working memory (WM) in schizophrenia patients. However, female patients showed deficits in executive control (EC) tasks, suggesting an underlying attentional deficit.

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Published on: November 27, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Cognitive deficits, particularly in prefrontal cortex (PFC) functions, significantly impact functional outcomes in schizophrenia.
  • Existing literature on sex differences in schizophrenia cognition presents controversial findings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sex-based differences in working memory (WM) and executive control (EC) within schizophrenia patients and healthy controls.
  • To assess various WM modalities (auditory, spatial, visual-matching) and EC using a dual-task paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Employed a neuropsychological test battery for WM assessment and a dual task for EC evaluation.
  • Included 50 partially remitted schizophrenia patients (25 female) on atypical neuroleptics and 40 age/education-matched controls (20 female).

Main Results:

  • No significant sex differences in working memory (WM) were observed in either healthy controls or schizophrenia patients.
  • Female schizophrenia patients performed significantly worse on the dual task and its single visual subtest compared to males.
  • Male patients exhibited higher positive symptoms, but no other sex-based differences in psychopathology or disease characteristics were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Working memory (WM) shows no sex differences in schizophrenia.
  • Female schizophrenia patients demonstrate impaired executive control (EC), particularly in attentional aspects, compared to males.
  • This attentional deficit in females may contribute to higher-order cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.