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Related Concept Videos

Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Oxygen Transport in the Blood01:27

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...
Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts01:13

Formation of Muscle Fibers from Myoblasts

De novo myogenesis, or the formation of muscle fibers, begins during the early embryonic stages. The skeletal muscle is formed from somites– blocks of embryonic cell layers. The somites are further divided into dermatomes, myotomes, sclerotomes, and syndetomes. Among these, the myotomes give rise to muscle fibers.
Muscle progenitor cells (MPCs) are formed from the myotomes. MPCs express genes that encode the transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7. Along with Pax 3/7, other transcription factors...
Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions
09:17

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions

Published on: August 2, 2018

Hypoxia reprograms calcium signaling and regulates myoglobin expression.

Shane B Kanatous1, Pradeep P A Mammen, Paul B Rosenberg

  • 1Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.

American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
|November 14, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Hypoxia alone inhibits myoglobin expression, but when combined with exercise, it enhances myoglobin gene expression through calcium signaling in the heart. This finding offers new insights into muscle adaptation and disease treatment.

More Related Videos

Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos
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Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: June 26, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions
09:17

Co-immunoprecipitation Assay Using Endogenous Nuclear Proteins from Cells Cultured Under Hypoxic Conditions

Published on: August 2, 2018

Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos
08:01

Induction of Hypoxia in Living Frog and Zebrafish Embryos

Published on: June 26, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Myoglobin is crucial for oxygen storage in high-demand muscles.
  • Hypoxia is known to regulate myoglobin expression, but the precise mechanisms are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the detailed relationship between hypoxia, exercise, and myoglobin gene expression.
  • To investigate the role of calcium signaling in hypoxia-induced myoglobin regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Adult mice were exposed to hypoxia (10% oxygen) for up to 3 weeks.
  • In vitro and in vivo studies examined calcium signaling and myoglobin gene expression.
  • Investigated the role of ryanodine receptors and nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT).

Main Results:

  • Hypoxia alone decreased myoglobin expression in skeletal muscles but increased it in the working heart.
  • Hypoxia alone inhibited myoglobin expression by altering calcium influx.
  • Hypoxia combined with exercise enhanced myoglobin expression via increased calcium release and NFAT translocation.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoxia-mediated regulation of calcium transients from intracellular pools modulates myoglobin gene expression.
  • Myoglobin expression changes under hypoxia are independent of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and muscle fiber type shifts.
  • Findings provide a novel mechanism for hypoxia-induced gene regulation with potential applications for myopathic diseases.