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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview01:24

Mania and Antimanic Drugs: Overview

Mania, a psychological condition characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, and reduced sleep need, is part of the bipolar disorder cycle. The exact cause of mania isn't entirely known, but it is thought to be a combination of genetic, environmental, and neurological factors. Bipolar disorder involves alternating manic and depressive episodes. Mood stabilizers like lithium, antipsychotics, and anticonvulsants help manage these episodes. Lithium carbonate is particularly effective as a...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Hemicrania continua evolving from cluster headache responsive to valproic acid.

Giorgio Lambru, Paola Castellini, Annamaria Bini

    Headache
    |November 14, 2008
    PubMed
    Summary

    Hemicrania continua, a rare headache, typically responds to indomethacin. This case details a patient with evolving cluster headache into hemicrania continua, finding valproic acid effective when indomethacin was not tolerated.

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    Published on: July 29, 2021

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    Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

    3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
    10:39

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    Published on: June 2, 2014

    Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache
    05:40

    Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

    Published on: July 29, 2021

    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Headache Medicine

    Background:

    • Hemicrania continua (HC) is a rare primary headache disorder.
    • It is defined by continuous, one-sided headaches with prompt response to indomethacin.

    Observation:

    • A patient with a history of cluster headache developed ipsilateral hemicrania continua.
    • This patient experienced intolerance to long-term indomethacin therapy.

    Findings:

    • The case presented diagnostic and therapeutic complexities, including comorbidities.
    • Valproic acid therapy was initiated after trials of other regimens.
    • Valproic acid demonstrated improvement in the patient's hemicrania continua symptoms.

    Implications:

    • This case highlights challenges in managing hemicrania continua when indomethacin is contraindicated.
    • Valproic acid may be a viable alternative treatment for refractory hemicrania continua.
    • Further research into alternative therapies for indomethacin-intolerant HC patients is warranted.