Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The immunology behind inflammaging - causes, sources, and mechanisms.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2026
Same author

Immune responses in aging adults.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same author

Macrophage metabolic exhaustion and PANoptotic cell death drive chronic tissue inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.

Immunity·2026
Same author

Lipid droplet-induced T cell death sustains autoimmune tissue inflammation.

Cell metabolism·2026
Same author

Antigen-specific T<sub>H</sub>17 cells offset the age-related decline in durable T cell immunity.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Immune Age, Cardiovascular Disease, and Anti-Viral Immunity.

Cells·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

T-cell co-stimulatory pathways in autoimmunity.

Jörg J Goronzy1, Cornelia M Weyand

  • 1Kathleen B and Mason I Lowance Center for Human Immunology and Rheumatology, Emory University, Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. jgoronz@emory.edu

Arthritis Research & Therapy
|November 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

T-cell activation relies on T-cell receptor signals and co-stimulatory molecules like CD28. New regulatory receptors offer targeted approaches for autoimmune diseases by sensing the cellular environment.

More Related Videos

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Na&iuml;ve CD4 T Lymphocytes
12:59

Isolation and Th17 Differentiation of Naïve CD4 T Lymphocytes

Published on: September 26, 2013

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets
07:12

Mouse Naïve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Published on: April 16, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • T-cell activation and differentiation are governed by T-cell receptor (TCR) signal strength and co-stimulatory molecules.
  • CD28 is a key co-stimulatory molecule regulating naive and memory T-cell activation by professional antigen-presenting cells.
  • Blocking the CD28-CD80/86 pathway is a strategy for inducing tolerance in autoimmune diseases, particularly when autoantigens are unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of CD28 in T-cell activation.
  • To introduce the recognition of numerous regulatory receptors beyond CD28 that are essential for a complete immune response.
  • To explore the potential of these regulatory receptors for targeted therapeutic interventions in autoimmune diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on T-cell activation and co-stimulation.
  • Analysis of the distinct characteristics of various regulatory T-cell receptors.
  • Discussion of signaling pathways triggered by these receptors and their ligands.
  • Exploration of the concept of intercepting regulatory signals for therapeutic benefit.

Main Results:

  • CD28 remains a central co-stimulatory molecule, but its role is complemented by a broader array of regulatory receptors.
  • These regulatory receptors provide crucial information about the T-cell's microenvironment.
  • Different regulatory receptors exhibit unique expression patterns, ligand specificities, and downstream signaling pathways.
  • The collective signals from these receptors fine-tune T-cell responses.

Conclusions:

  • While CD28 is vital, a diverse set of regulatory receptors are necessary for optimal T-cell function.
  • Targeting these regulatory receptors offers a promising strategy to modulate T-cell responses in autoimmune diseases.
  • This approach may allow for more precise immune intervention, potentially minimizing generalized immunosuppression compared to broad pathway blockade.