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Related Concept Videos

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Subatomic Particles03:37

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. These three particles account for the mass and the charge of an atom.
Filtration00:53

Filtration

Filtration is a physical separation process that involves passing a suspension through a porous medium to separate solids from fluids. During filtration, solids collect on the porous medium while liquids, also collectively known as the filtrate, pass through. The filtration medium is selected based on the filtration purpose, quantity, and nature of the precipitate. The general criteria for a suitable filtering medium are that it is inert, mechanically strong, nonabsorbent toward dissolved...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Polymorphic Form-Related and Particle Size-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:27

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Changes in polymorphic forms can significantly influence the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Although the FDA defines pharmaceutical equivalence based on having the same active ingredient, dosage form, and route of administration, it does not automatically disqualify products with different polymorphic forms. This means two products with different polymorphs can still be deemed pharmaceutically equivalent. However, polymorphic differences can affect properties like wettability,...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision

The ideal-gas equation, which is empirical, describes the behavior of gases by establishing relationships between their macroscopic properties. For example, Charles’ law states that volume and temperature are directly related. Gases, therefore, expand when heated at constant pressure. Although gas laws explain how the macroscopic properties change relative to one another, it does not explain the rationale behind it.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles
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Fused-core particles: a practical alternative to sub-2 micron particles.

John J Salisbury1

  • 1Analytical Research and Development, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA. john.j.salisbury@pfizer.com

Journal of Chromatographic Science
|November 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Fused-core columns offer a practical alternative for pharmaceutical chemists, providing high efficiency at conventional High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) pressures. These columns demonstrate excellent performance and robustness for analyzing drug impurities.

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

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Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Chromatography

Background:

  • Sub-2 micron particle size columns enhance Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC) efficiency and throughput.
  • UHPLC instrumentation may not be accessible to all pharmaceutical chemists.
  • Fused-core particles present a viable alternative, operating at conventional HPLC pressures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficiency and robustness of fused-core columns.
  • To analyze a mixture of Torcetrapib and its related impurities.
  • To compare fused-core column performance against established UHPLC particles.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fused-core columns (2.7 µm particle size) for chromatographic separations.
  • Analyzed a mixture of Torcetrapib and impurities.
  • Assessed column efficiency (theoretical plates), backpressure, and robustness over 500 injections.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high theoretical plates (approx. 14,000) with run times under 5 minutes.
  • Fused-core columns provided 80% of the efficiency of sub-2 micron particles at half the backpressure.
  • Demonstrated excellent reproducibility with relative standard deviations <1% for key chromatographic parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Fused-core columns offer a practical and efficient alternative for pharmaceutical analysis.
  • These columns provide a balance of high performance and lower operational pressure.
  • The robustness of fused-core columns supports their use in routine pharmaceutical quality control.