Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Nitrosation of Enols01:19

Nitrosation of Enols

The nitrosation reaction is one of the methods of preparing 1,2-diketones. The enol tautomer of the starting ketone reacts with sodium nitrite in hydrochloric acid, generating the 1,2-diketone after hydrolysis.
Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by water loss...
Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions01:24

Phase II Reactions: Acetylation Reactions

Acetylation, a phase II biotransformation reaction, introduces an acetyl group to drugs or their metabolites. Acetyltransferase enzymes facilitate this reaction, which resembles α-amino acid conjugation due to the addition of a functional group to the drug molecule.
The substrates for acetylation are typically drugs or their metabolites with an amino, sulfonamide, or hydrazine functional group. Acetylation can occur at several points in the drug molecule, including primary, secondary, and...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Urinary proteomics identifies unique signatures in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and tetralogy of Fallot.

Pediatric research·2026
Same author

Selective peroxynitrite-mediated protein nitration catalyzed by glyoxalase domain containing protein 4.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Analytic performance characteristics of the chemical-reduction gas phase-chemiluminescence assay for the quantification of nitric oxide metabolites.

Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry·2025
Same author

Crossover Trial of Exogenous Ketones on Cardiometabolic Endpoints in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

JACC. Heart failure·2025
Same author

Potassium Nitrate in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

JAMA cardiology·2024
Same author

Metabolic Bypass Rescues Aberrant S-nitrosylation-Induced TCA Cycle Inhibition and Synapse Loss in Alzheimer's Disease Human Neurons.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II
07:31

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

Published on: June 16, 2019

Protein tyrosine nitration--an update.

Harry Ischiropoulos1

  • 1Stokes Research Institute and Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The University of Pennsylvania, 417 Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA. ischirop@mail.med.upenn.edu

Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
|November 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tyrosine nitration, a protein modification, is linked to disease but its role is unclear. New research suggests it may mediate immune responses, indicating a novel biological function.

More Related Videos

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System
07:32

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

Published on: January 30, 2019

Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
08:41

Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications

Published on: July 14, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II
07:31

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

Published on: June 16, 2019

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System
07:32

Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Atmospheric Environments via a High-performance Liquid Chromatography-electrochemical Detector System

Published on: January 30, 2019

Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications
08:41

Integration of Miniaturized Solid Phase Extraction and LC-MS/MS Detection of 3-Nitrotyrosine in Human Urine for Clinical Applications

Published on: July 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Tyrosine nitration is a post-translational modification of proteins.
  • It is recognized as a marker of oxidative stress in various human diseases.
  • The functional consequences and disease relevance of tyrosine nitration remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional role of tyrosine nitration in biological systems.
  • To explore the potential involvement of tyrosine nitration in immune responses.
  • To determine if tyrosine nitration contributes to disease development or progression.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of protein modification patterns.
  • Biochemical assays to assess protein function.
  • Studies on immune cell responses and signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Tyrosine nitration was observed to alter protein function.
  • Evidence suggests a role for tyrosine nitration in modulating immune cell activity.
  • Specific nitrated proteins were identified as key mediators in immune signaling.

Conclusions:

  • Tyrosine nitration is not merely a marker but an active mediator in biological processes.
  • This modification plays a significant role in immune system regulation.
  • Tyrosine nitration represents a novel biological function with implications for disease pathogenesis and treatment.