Adrenal hyperplasia and tumours in mice in connection with aberrant pituitary-gonadal function

Gonadectomy induces in certain inbred stains of mice adrenal hyperplasia and tumorigenesis, originating from the putative subcapsular stem/progenitor cell layer. This response is apparently triggered by the elevated post-gonadectomy levels of luteinising hormone (LH), followed by ectopic upregulation of adrenal LH/chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) receptors (Lhcgr). The clear strain dependence of this adrenal response to gonadectomy prompted us to study its genetic basis. Tumorigenic DBA/2J and non-tumorigenic C57BL/6J mice, as well as their F2 and backcrosses, were studied by whole genome linkage analysis. Gonadectomy induced similar upregulation of adrenal Lhcgr in both parental strains and their crosses, irrespective of the tumour status, indicating that ectopic expression of this receptor is not the immediate cause of tumours. Linkage analysis revealed one major significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the tumorigenesis on chromosome 8, modulated by epistasis with another QTL on chromosome 18. Hence, post-gonadectomy adrenal tumorigenesis in DBA/2J mice is a dominant trait, not a direct consequence of adrenal Lhcgr expression, and is driven by a complex genetic architecture. A promising candidate gene in the tumorigenesis linkage region is Sfrp1 (secreted frizzled-related protein 1), a tumour suppressor gene, which was down-regulated in the neoplastic tissue. Our findings may have relevance to the human pathogenesis of macronodular adrenal hyperplasia and postmenopausal adrenocortical tumours. A distinctly different adrenal response was observed in TG mice overexpressing LH or CG, or a constitutively activated form of the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr). These mice developed perimedullary hyperlasia of foamy multinucleated cells, reminding of macrophages and filled with lipofuscin. Similar response was observed in TG mice overexpressing aromatase (CYP19). The cause of this response is not related to direct LH/CG action, but merely to adrenal response to chronically elevated oestrogen levels. This phenotype is reminiscent of the rare 'black adenomas' of the human adrenal cortex.