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Related Concept Videos

Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
Genes exist in different versions called alleles, which...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response
09:45

Measuring mRNA Levels Over Time During the Yeast S. cerevisiae Hypoxic Response

Published on: August 10, 2017

Variations within oxygen-regulated gene expression in humans.

Jerome T S Brooks1, Gareth P Elvidge, Louisa Glenny

  • 1Dept. of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.

Journal of Applied Physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
|November 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individual differences in cellular responses to low oxygen (hypoxia) exist in healthy humans. Variations within the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) system likely explain these distinct hypoxia response profiles.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Human Physiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a key regulator of gene transcription in response to low oxygen.
  • Previous studies show HIF pathway modulation impacts physiological responses to hypoxia.
  • Inter-individual variability in systemic hypoxia responses suggests potential differences in the HIF system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether cellular-level variations in hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) system responsiveness can be detected among healthy individuals.
  • To determine if inter-individual differences in response to varying oxygen tensions exist at the cellular level.

Main Methods:

  • Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were collected from 10 healthy volunteers on three separate occasions.
  • PBL were exposed to a range of oxygen tensions (20% to 0.1%).
  • Expression levels of four HIF-regulated transcripts were measured, and response profiles were analyzed using linear regression after double logarithmic transformation.

Main Results:

  • A curvilinear relationship between oxygen tension and the expression of four HIF-regulated transcripts was observed in PBL.
  • Double logarithmic transformation yielded a linear relationship, allowing response parameterization via gradient and intercept.
  • Analysis of variance revealed significant between-subject variation in response gradients common across all four transcripts (P = 0.008).

Conclusions:

  • Statistically significant variations in the cellular response to hypoxia are detectable among normal human subjects.
  • The consistent variability across multiple HIF-regulated genes suggests the source of these differences lies within the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway itself.