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Related Concept Videos

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview

The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the C=O, C=N, and C=C occur between 1600–1850 cm−1.
The...
IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0% (complete...
NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds01:14

NMR Spectroscopy of Aromatic Compounds

Aromatic compounds can be identified or analyzed using proton NMR and carbon‐13 NMR. Typically, aromatic hydrogens or hydrogens directly bonded to the aromatic rings are strongly deshielded by the aromatic ring current. Therefore, they absorb in the range of 6.5–8.0 ppm in proton NMR spectra. For instance, aromatic hydrogens directly bonded to the benzene ring absorb at 7.3 ppm. However, aromatic hydrogens of larger rings absorb farther upfield or downfield than the ideal range. Consider...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...

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Updated: Jun 28, 2026

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression
06:50

O-cresol Concentration Online Measurement Based On Near Infrared Spectroscopy Via Partial Least Square Regression

Published on: November 8, 2019

API determination by NIR spectroscopy across pharmaceutical production process.

M Blanco1, M Bautista, M Alcalà

  • 1Departament de Química, Unitat de Química Analítica, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain. marcel.blanco@uab.es

AAPS Pharmscitech
|November 15, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy accurately quantifies active pharmaceutical ingredients in solid formulations. This method offers a faster alternative for monitoring drug production processes like granulation and tablet coating.

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Quantitative analysis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) is crucial for drug production.
  • Traditional analytical methods can be time-consuming and labor-intensive.
  • Near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy offers a potential rapid and non-destructive analytical technique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of reflectance near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of an API.
  • To demonstrate NIR spectroscopy's applicability in different stages of solid pharmaceutical formulation production.
  • To compare NIR spectroscopy with conventional analytical methods for process monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Development of calibration samples by mixing pure drug, excipients, and batch samples.
  • Preparation of samples with active ingredient concentrations ranging from 75-120 mg/g.
  • Utilizing partial least squares (PLS) regression in second-derivative mode for spectral analysis.
  • Employing a wavelength range of 1,134-1,798 nm for NIR data acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Accurate quantification of the active ingredient was achieved after granulation and tablet coating.
  • Prediction errors for granulated samples were 1.01%, and for tablets were 1.63%.
  • The developed NIR method demonstrated high precision and reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Reflectance NIR spectroscopy is a viable and accurate method for quantitative analysis of APIs in solid formulations.
  • NIR spectroscopy provides a rapid and efficient alternative to traditional methods for pharmaceutical process monitoring.
  • The study validates NIR spectroscopy for in-process control in drug manufacturing.