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Related Concept Videos

Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is critical—it...
Total Voids in Concrete01:12

Total Voids in Concrete

Total voids in concrete encompass gel water volume, capillary pores, and entrapped air. Gel water (retained within the cement hydration products) and physically entrapped or adsorbed water are significant for the hydration process. For complete hydration, it's estimated that the space needed for the products of a cubic centimeter of cement doubles. Capillary pores constitute the unoccupied space within the hydrated cement paste, with their size largely influenced by the water-to-cement ratio...
Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create ettringite,...
Setting Time of Cement01:12

Setting Time of Cement

The setting time of cement refers to the process of cement paste transitioning from a plastic state to a solid state. This process is crucial in construction as it dictates the timeframe for concrete placement, compaction, and finishing. The onset of this solidification is termed the initial set, indicating when the paste becomes unworkable. The final set is when the paste has solidified completely, and further handling or manipulation can no longer affect its shape. The cement strength is...
Permeability of Concrete01:25

Permeability of Concrete

Permeability in the context of concrete refers to how easily liquids or gases can pass through the material. This quality is crucial for assessing the water-tightness and durability of concrete structures and their resistance to chemical attacks. Concrete permeability can be determined through comparative laboratory tests. These tests typically involve sealing a concrete specimen from the sides, applying water pressure to the top surface with pressure, and measuring the amount of water passing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts
10:32

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Published on: March 26, 2015

Cement penetration after patella venting.

Christopher W Jones1, Li-On Lam, Adam Butler

  • 1Surgical and Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Randwick, Sydney NSW 2031, Australia. cjon0040@gmail.com

The Knee
|November 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Venting the patella during total knee replacement surgery did not significantly improve cement penetration in cadaver studies. Bone density, however, strongly correlated with cement penetration, suggesting it is a key factor.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts
10:32

Athymic Rat Model for Evaluation of Engineered Anterior Cruciate Ligament Grafts

Published on: March 26, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Surgical Techniques

Background:

  • Patellofemoral complications are common after total knee arthroplasty.
  • Optimizing the cement-bone interface is crucial for implant success.
  • Previous research suggests venting the tibial plateau improves cement penetration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if pre-cementing patellar venting enhances cement penetration.
  • To evaluate the effect of patellar venting on cement-bone interface quality.
  • To explore the relationship between bone mineral density and cement penetration.

Main Methods:

  • Ten paired cadaver patellae were used, with one of each pair vented and the other non-vented.
  • Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using DEXA scanning.
  • Specimens were resurfaced, cemented with Versabond, and cement penetration was quantified using imaging software.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in cement penetration was found between vented (10.53%) and non-vented (11.51%) patellae.
  • A strong negative correlation (r(2)=-0.812, p=0.004) was observed between peak BMD and cement penetration.
  • Patellar venting with a Kirschner wire did not significantly affect in vitro cement penetration.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-cementing patellar venting does not significantly improve cement penetration in this in vitro model.
  • Bone mineral density is a significant factor influencing cement penetration in patellar resurfacing.
  • Further research may be needed to optimize cement-bone integration in total knee arthroplasty.