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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hemoglobin01:24

Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a globular protein made up of four subunits. Two of these subunits are alpha chains, and the other two are beta chains. Each subunit contains a molecule of heme, which has an iron atom and can bind to oxygen. When an oxygen molecule binds to one heme group, it changes the shape of hemoglobin, making it easier for the other heme groups to bind oxygen as well.
When all four heme groups are bound to oxygen, the resulting molecule is called oxyhemoglobin. As a result, arterial blood...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Blood Typing01:10

Blood Typing

Understanding an individual's blood group is a critical component of transfusion medicine. It ensures compatibility in blood transfusions, organ transplants, and even during pregnancy. Determining these blood groups involves the ABO and Rh blood typing systems, utilizing specific antigens and corresponding anti-sera to identify an individual's blood type.
Antigens are protein molecules that reside on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). The ABO and Rh blood typing systems target antigens A,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
07:22

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

Hemoglobin A1c: past, present and future.

Saleh A Aldasouqi1, Ved V Gossain

  • 1Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. saldasouqi@pol.net

Annals of Saudi Medicine
|November 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) monitoring shows promise for diabetes diagnosis. Recent developments suggest HbA1c may soon play a role in future global diagnostic guidelines.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
07:22

Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

Published on: March 7, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Mellitus Research

Background:

  • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is a long-established marker for monitoring glycemic control in diabetes.
  • Current diabetes screening and diagnosis primarily rely on plasma glucose measurements, which have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in HbA1c testing and its potential diagnostic applications.
  • To evaluate the evolving role of HbA1c in diabetes screening and diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on HbA1c methodologies and diagnostic capabilities.
  • Analysis of proposed changes for HbA1c standardization, including revised reference ranges and units.
  • Comparison of HbA1c's diagnostic potential against current plasma glucose-based guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Standardization efforts suggest lower HbA1c reference ranges and revised units (e.g., %, mg/dL, mmol/mol).
  • Existing plasma glucose diagnostic methods have shortcomings, highlighting a need for alternative approaches.
  • Emerging evidence supports HbA1c's diagnostic accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Despite ongoing reassessment and developments, HbA1c is not currently recommended for diabetes diagnosis.
  • Future practice guidelines may consider a diagnostic role for HbA1c, supported by recent literature and expert recommendations.
  • The US Endocrine Society recently proposed initial recommendations for HbA1c's diagnostic use.