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Related Concept Videos

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Structure and Function of Platelets01:18

Structure and Function of Platelets

The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
Platelets are continually replenished, circulating in the bloodstream for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes, primarily in the spleen. A microliter of circulating blood contains between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets, with...
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Formation of the Platelet Plug01:22

Formation of the Platelet Plug

The platelet phase, the second stage of hemostasis, commences around 15-20 seconds after an injury. It follows and overlaps with the vascular phase, during which blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss.
As the injured blood vessel contracts, endothelial cells undergo contraction, revealing collagen fibers in the basement membrane and underlying connective tissue. Furthermore, the plasma membrane of endothelial cells becomes adhesive, preparing the site for platelet adhesion. Platelets...

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Dietary fat intake, circulating and membrane fatty acid composition of healthy Norwegian men and women.

Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association·2013
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
10:31

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

Phospholipase D in platelets and other cells.

M Vorland1, V A T Thorsen, H Holmsen

  • 1Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. marta.vorland@biomed.uib.no

Platelets
|November 18, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Phospholipase D (PLD) plays key roles in cell signaling and membrane dynamics. This review explores PLD

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Phospholipase D (PLD) hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidic acid (PA), a crucial second messenger involved in various cellular processes.
  • PA mediates protein recruitment, membrane fusion, signaling, intracellular transport, and cytoskeletal rearrangements.
  • PLD activity is regulated by protein kinase C (PKC), G proteins, PIP(2), Ca(2+), and tyrosine kinases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the known functions and regulation of Phospholipase D (PLD) in various cell types.
  • To investigate the largely unknown role and regulation of PLD in platelets.
  • To compare PLD properties in platelets with those in other cell types to infer potential mechanisms and functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing existing knowledge on PLD from diverse cellular systems.

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Comprehensive Analysis of Procoagulant Platelets Exhibiting Features of Necrosis, Apoptosis and Platelet Activation
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Comprehensive Analysis of Procoagulant Platelets Exhibiting Features of Necrosis, Apoptosis and Platelet Activation

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Last Updated: Jun 28, 2026

A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

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Procoagulant Platelet Characterization by Measuring Phosphatidylserine Exposure and Microvesicle Release from Human Purified Platelets
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Procoagulant Platelet Characterization by Measuring Phosphatidylserine Exposure and Microvesicle Release from Human Purified Platelets

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Comprehensive Analysis of Procoagulant Platelets Exhibiting Features of Necrosis, Apoptosis and Platelet Activation
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Comprehensive Analysis of Procoagulant Platelets Exhibiting Features of Necrosis, Apoptosis and Platelet Activation

Published on: May 23, 2025

  • Analysis of studies investigating PLD activation and function specifically within platelets.
  • Comparative analysis of PLD isoforms (PLD1 and PLD2) and their regulatory mechanisms.

    • Main Results:

    • PLD1 exhibits low basal activity, activated by PKC, ARF, and Rho; PLD2 has high basal activity.
    • In platelets, PLD is activated by thrombin and collagen, and inhibited by PKA, indicating involvement in established signaling pathways.
    • Thrombin-induced PLD activation in platelets is Ca(2+)-dependent, involves translocation to the plasma membrane, and relies on autocrine stimulation.

    Conclusions:

    • PLD in platelets shares properties with PLD in other cell types, suggesting conserved regulatory mechanisms.
    • Potential roles for PLD in platelets include regulating lysosomal secretion and actin polymerization.
    • Knowledge from other cells can guide the identification of PLD activation mechanisms and functions in platelets.