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Related Concept Videos

Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Overview of DNA Repair02:25

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
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Overview of DNA Repair02:25

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Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
Fixing Double-strand Breaks02:04

Fixing Double-strand Breaks

The double-stranded structure of DNA has two major advantages. First, it serves as a safe repository of genetic information where one strand serves as the back-up in case the other strand is damaged. Second, the double-helical structure can be wrapped around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which can then be tightly wound to form chromosomes. This way, DNA chains up to 2 inches long can be contained within microscopic structures in a cell. A double-stranded break not only damages...
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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...

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Laser Microirradiation to Study In Vivo Cellular Responses to Simple and Complex DNA Damage
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Published on: January 31, 2018

Chromatin structure and DNA damage repair.

Christoffel Dinant1, Adriaan B Houtsmuller, Wim Vermeulen

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Erasmus MC, Dr, Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands. cdi@cancer.dk

Epigenetics & Chromatin
|November 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Cellular DNA repair mechanisms combat genomic damage using chromatin remodeling. This review highlights histone modifications and their role in nucleotide excision repair, comparing it to transcription and double-strand break repair.

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Published on: January 14, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Genomic integrity is vital and constantly threatened by DNA damaging agents.
  • Cells possess DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms, including cell-cycle checkpoints and DNA repair.
  • Chromatin remodeling is crucial for both DNA damage signaling and repair.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on chromatin remodeling in the cellular DNA damage response.
  • To focus on chromatin remodeling's role in nucleotide excision repair (NER).
  • To compare chromatin remodeling in NER with its roles in transcription and double-strand break repair.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Focus on histone modifications and their dynamics during DNA repair.
  • Comparative analysis across different DNA repair pathways and transcription.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin remodeling, including histone modifications and nucleosome dynamics, is essential for efficient DNA repair.
  • Specific histone modifications and their dynamic changes facilitate access to DNA lesions for repair machinery.
  • NER pathway heavily relies on chromatin remodeling, involving histone displacement and exchange.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin remodeling is a fundamental prerequisite for effective DNA damage response and repair.
  • Understanding histone modifications in NER provides insights into genome stability maintenance.
  • Comparative analysis highlights conserved and distinct roles of chromatin remodeling across cellular processes.