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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Intravital Imaging of Axonal Interactions with Microglia and Macrophages in a Mouse Dorsal Column Crush Injury
08:43

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Published on: November 23, 2014

Peripheral formalin injection induces unique spinal cord microglial phenotypic changes.

Kai-Yuan Fu1, Yong-Hui Tan, Backil Sung

  • 1Center for TMD & Orofacial Pain, Peking University School & Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, People's Republic of China. kqkyfu@bjmu.edu.cn

Neuroscience Letters
|November 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Peripheral tissue injury activates brain microglia. Formalin injection in rats showed specific upregulation of leukocyte common antigen (CD45) and MHC class I on activated microglia, indicating distinct phenotypic changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Microglia are the primary immune cells residing in the central nervous system.
  • Peripheral tissue injury is known to trigger microglial activation.
  • Understanding microglial responses is crucial for neuroinflammatory research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate microglial surface immunomolecule expression in the spinal cord after peripheral formalin injection.
  • To identify phenotypic changes in microglia following acute tissue injury.

Main Methods:

  • Rats received formalin injections in their hind paws.
  • Spinal cord tissue was analyzed for microglial surface markers.
  • Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry were employed to assess marker expression.

Main Results:

  • Leukocyte common antigen (CD45) and MHC class I antigen showed significant upregulation on activated microglia.
  • Peak expression of CD45 and MHC class I was observed on day 7 post-injection.
  • MHC class II antigen, CD11c, and Fc receptor expression remained low and unchanged.

Conclusions:

  • Peripheral formalin injection induces specific phenotypic alterations in microglia.
  • Upregulation of CD45 and MHC class I represents a distinct microglial response to peripheral injury.
  • These findings highlight a unique pattern of central nervous system changes following peripheral tissue damage.