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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis
08:20

Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

Anti-Hu-associated brainstem encephalitis.

A Saiz1, J Bruna, P Stourac

  • 1Servei de Neurologia, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain.

Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
|November 19, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Anti-Hu-associated brainstem encephalitis primarily affects the medulla but often shows upper brainstem signs first. Early recognition of pontine or ponto-mesencephalic dysfunction is key for diagnosis.

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Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Anti-Hu antibodies are associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes.
  • Brainstem encephalitis can be a challenging diagnosis due to varied presentations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the clinical presentation of anti-Hu-associated brainstem encephalitis.
  • To improve the recognition of this specific neurological syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Review of 14 patients diagnosed by the Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes Euronetwork.
  • Inclusion of 8 literature cases with isolated brainstem encephalitis and anti-Hu antibodies.

Main Results:

  • A subacute neurological syndrome developed in all 22 patients (median age 64).
  • Brain MRI was normal; CSF showed mild pleocytosis in only two patients.
  • Presentations included medullary (50%), pontine (27%), and ponto-mesencephalic (23%) syndromes, with downward progression.

Conclusions:

  • Anti-Hu-associated brainstem encephalitis predominantly involves the medulla.
  • Half of the patients exhibit upper brainstem (pontine) dysfunction prior to medullary progression.