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Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment

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Angina manifests as chest pain, tightness, or squeezing discomfort typically located behind the breastbone. It can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, and inner aspects of the upper arms, most commonly the left arm. Patients may experience shortness of breath, fatigue, profuse sweating, dizziness, indigestion, heartburn, palpitations, anxiety, and vomiting as accompanying symptoms. This pain often lasts a few minutes and is triggered by physical exertion, emotional stress, heavy meals, or cold...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Coronary Progenitor Cells and Soluble Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Prognosis after Coronary Angioplasty

Coronary Progenitor Cells and Soluble Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Prognosis after Coronary Angioplasty

Published on: January 28, 2020

Reduced apelin levels in stable angina.

Zhao Li¹, Yinglong Bai, Jian Hu

¹Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.

Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan)

|November 19, 2008

Summary

Plasma apelin levels are significantly lower in patients with stable angina compared to healthy individuals. Lower apelin levels in these patients correlate with increased coronary artery stenosis severity.

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Endocrinology
Biochemistry

Background:

Stable angina is a common manifestation of coronary artery disease.
Apelin is an endogenous peptide with potential roles in cardiovascular function.
Previous research suggests altered apelin levels in various cardiovascular conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine plasma apelin levels in patients with stable angina.
To investigate the relationship between plasma apelin and the severity of coronary artery stenosis.

Main Methods:

A study cohort included 96 patients with stable angina and 78 controls.
Plasma apelin levels were measured using a commercial immunoassay.
Coronary artery stenosis severity was quantified using the Gensini score.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Coronary Progenitor Cells and Soluble Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Prognosis after Coronary Angioplasty

Coronary Progenitor Cells and Soluble Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Prognosis after Coronary Angioplasty

Published on: January 28, 2020

Main Results:

Plasma apelin levels were significantly lower in the stable angina group (1.24 ng/mL) compared to controls (1.98 ng/mL).
A negative correlation was observed between plasma apelin levels and the Gensini score in stable angina patients (r = -0.399).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates reduced plasma apelin levels in a homogenous group of stable angina patients.
Plasma apelin levels are inversely associated with the degree of coronary artery stenosis.