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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers01:27

Adrenergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions of β-Receptor Blockers

β-receptor blockers significantly impact the cardiovascular system by counteracting catecholamine-induced sympathetic responses. These medications decrease heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output, potentially leading to cardiac depression, life-threatening bradycardia, and death. Therapeutically, β-blockers function as mild antihypertensives and are utilized in treating angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmias. However, nonselective β-blockers inhibit β2-receptors in bronchial smooth...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which indirectly block calcium...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training
07:40

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

Published on: October 10, 2019

Cardiac effects of thyronamines.

Riccardo Zucchi1, Sandra Ghelardoni, Grazia Chiellini

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Uomo e dell'Ambiente, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, Pisa 56126, Italy. r.zucchi@med.unipi.it

Heart Failure Reviews
|November 20, 2008
PubMed
Summary

3-Iodothyronamine (T(1)AM), a thyroid hormone derivative, interacts with TAAR1 receptors. This compound affects heart function, metabolism, and insulin secretion, suggesting therapeutic potential.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Cardiovascular Physiology

Background:

  • 3-Iodothyronamine (T(1)AM) is an endogenous compound derived from thyroid hormone.
  • It interacts with the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a G protein-coupled receptor.
  • TAAR1 is expressed in various tissues, including the heart.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physiological and pathophysiological roles of T(1)AM.
  • To explore the functional effects of T(1)AM administration on cardiovascular and metabolic systems.
  • To assess the potential of the T(1)AM-TAAR1 signaling system for therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Administration of exogenous T(1)AM to isolated heart preparations.
  • Assessment of cardiac contractility (inotropic) and heart rate (chronotropic) effects.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training
07:40

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

Published on: October 10, 2019

  • Evaluation of cardiac resistance to ischemic injury and intracellular calcium homeostasis.
  • Monitoring of extracardiac effects including body temperature, metabolism, and insulin secretion.

    • Main Results:

    • Exogenous T(1)AM induced negative inotropic and chronotropic effects in the isolated heart.
    • T(1)AM administration increased resistance to ischemic injury, potentially via calcium homeostasis modulation.
    • Observed extracardiac effects included reduced body temperature, enhanced lipid metabolism, and altered insulin secretion.

    Conclusions:

    • T(1)AM exhibits significant cardiovascular and metabolic effects.
    • The T(1)AM-TAAR1 signaling pathway may play a crucial role in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
    • This system presents a promising target for the development of novel therapeutic agents.