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Randomized Experiments

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The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Published on: April 4, 2025

Rationale and design issues of the Randomized Intervention for Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) study.

Ron Keren¹, Myra A Carpenter, Alejandro Hoberman

¹Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. keren@email.chop.edu

|December 17, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigated if trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prevents recurrent urinary tract infections and kidney scarring in children with vesicoureteral reflux. Findings will guide antibiotic prophylaxis decisions for pediatric patients.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Published on: April 4, 2025

Area of Science:

Pediatric Nephrology
Infectious Diseases
Clinical Trials

Background:

Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) and renal scarring are significant concerns in children with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
The efficacy of prophylactic antibiotics in preventing these outcomes remains a critical clinical question.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine if daily trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis prevents recurrent UTIs and renal scarring in children with VUR.
To evaluate the risks and benefits of antibiotic prophylaxis in this pediatric population.

Main Methods:

The Randomized Intervention for Children With Vesicoureteral Reflux (RIVUR) study is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial.
600 children aged 2-72 months with grades I-IV VUR were randomized to receive trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or placebo for 2 years.
Data collection included regular follow-up visits, telephone interviews, and biospecimen collection for future genetic and biochemical analyses.

Main Results:

The primary outcome measured was the recurrence of urinary tract infection.
Secondary outcomes included time to recurrent UTI, incidence of renal scarring, treatment failure, renal function, and antimicrobial resistance.

Conclusions:

The RIVUR study provides crucial data for clinicians regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics in children diagnosed with VUR.
Findings will inform treatment decisions for preventing recurrent UTIs and their long-term renal sequelae in children.