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Related Concept Videos

Actin Filament Depolymerization01:19

Actin Filament Depolymerization

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Actin filaments (F-actin) are composed of actin subunits. The dissociation of actin monomers can occur from either end of F-actin. The rate of dissociation is faster from the minus-end or the pointed end, where the actin subunits exist with a bound ADP, together known as ADP-actin. The depolymerization of F-actin is aided by proteins, including the actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) and cofilin family of proteins, gelsolin, and glia maturation factor (GMF).
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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Activation Energy01:26

Activation Energy

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Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to move forward. The higher the activation energy, the slower the rate of the reaction. However, adding heat to the reaction will increase the rate, since it causes molecules to move faster and increase the likelihood that molecules will collide. The collision and breaking of bonds represents the uphill phase of a reaction and generates the transition state. The transition state is an unstable high-energy state...
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Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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A Novel Method to Determine the Longitudinal Antibacterial Activity of Drug-Eluting Materials
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Antibacterial activity of ozone-depolymerized crawfish chitosan.

S Seo1, J M King, W Prinyawiwatkul

  • 1Dept. of Food Science, 111 Food Science Bldg., Louisiana State Univ. Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.

Journal of Food Science
|November 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chitosan

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Microbiology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, exhibits promising antimicrobial properties.
  • Understanding the influence of chitosan's molecular weight and concentration is crucial for optimizing its antimicrobial applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the antimicrobial activity of ozone-treated chitosan with varying molecular weights.
  • To determine the effect of chitosan molecular weight and concentration on bacterial growth inhibition.

Main Methods:

  • Antimicrobial activity assays were performed using Gram-positive bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescen).
  • Chitosan samples with molecular weights ranging from 104 to 1333 kDa were tested at different concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Chitosan's antimicrobial effectiveness increased with higher concentrations, irrespective of molecular weight or bacterial type.
  • Chitosan with molecular weights between 104-201 kDa demonstrated superior activity against L. monocytogenes, S. aureus, and P. fluorescen.
  • Intermediate molecular weight chitosan showed the most effective growth inhibition for E. coli, particularly at 0.1% concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Chitosan's molecular weight significantly impacts its antimicrobial efficacy, with specific ranges being more effective against certain bacterial species.
  • Optimizing chitosan concentration and selecting appropriate molecular weights can enhance its use as an antimicrobial agent.