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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Abnormal Proliferation02:23

Abnormal Proliferation

Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the daughter...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

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Published on: February 3, 2023

Aberrant somatic hypermutations in thyroid lymphomas.

Tetsuya Takakuwa1, Akira Miyauchi, Katsuyuki Aozasa

  • 1Human Health Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 606-8507 Sakyo-ku, Shogoin Kawahara-cyo 53, Kyoto, Japan. tez@hs.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp

Leukemia Research
|November 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aberrant somatic hypermutation (ASHM) plays a role in thyroid lymphoma (TL) pathogenesis. Mutations were found in nearly half of TL cases, particularly in follicular lymphoma, indicating ongoing mutation activity.

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Wild-type Blocking PCR Combined with Sanger Sequencing for Detection of Low-frequency Somatic Mutation
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Wild-type Blocking PCR Combined with Sanger Sequencing for Detection of Low-frequency Somatic Mutation

Published on: August 23, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Thyroid lymphoma (TL) is a malignancy arising in the thyroid gland.
  • Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (CLTH) is an autoimmune condition that can precede TL development.
  • Aberrant somatic hypermutation (ASHM) is a process involving DNA mutations that can contribute to lymphomagenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of aberrant somatic hypermutation (ASHM) in the pathogenesis of thyroid lymphoma (TL).
  • To analyze the mutational status of genes commonly affected by ASHM in TL and related conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Tumor specimens from 33 TL patients and 14 CLTH patients were analyzed.
  • Mutational status of genes including c-MYC, PIM-1, PAX-5, and RhoH/TTF was assessed.
  • Intraclonal variants and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase were examined.

Main Results:

  • Mutations in at least one ASHM-affected gene were detected in 48.5% of TL cases and 14.3% of CLTH cases.
  • ASHM was consistently found in follicular lymphoma (FL) (100%), but less frequently in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (33.3%) and Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) (10%).
  • Ongoing ASHM activity was suggested by intraclonal variants in FL and DLBCL. FL showed lower activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression compared to DLBCL and MZBCL.

Conclusions:

  • ASHM is implicated in the pathogenesis of TL, particularly in follicular lymphoma.
  • The findings suggest distinct mechanisms of lymphomagenesis in different types of TL.
  • Further research into ASHM's role may offer therapeutic targets for thyroid lymphoma.