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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems01:28

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments02:36

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

The VSEPR theory can be used to determine the electron pair geometries and molecular structures as follows:
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.
Newman Projections02:06

Newman Projections

Different notations are used to represent the three-dimensional structure of molecules on two-dimensional surfaces. One of the most commonly used representations is the dash-wedge formula. The dashed wedges, solid wedges, and the plane lines indicate the groups situated behind the plane, coming out of the plane, and in the plane, respectively.
The organic molecules rotate across the single bonds leading to numerous temporary three-dimensional structures of varying energy known as conformers.

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Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
14:04

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening

Published on: January 16, 2021

A magic triangle for experimental phasing of macromolecules.

Tobias Beck1, Andrius Krasauskas, Tim Gruene

  • 1Department of Structural Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany. tbeck@shelx.uni-ac.gwdg.de

Acta Crystallographica. Section D, Biological Crystallography
|November 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

5-Amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (I3C) aids in solving macromolecular structures by providing phase information in X-ray crystallography. Its unique structure and properties make it a suitable alternative to heavy-metal ions for experimental phasing.

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Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Derivatization of Protein Crystals with I3C using Random Microseed Matrix Screening
14:04

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Published on: January 16, 2021

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
07:19

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Structural Biology
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Phase determination remains a significant challenge in X-ray crystallography for solving macromolecular structures.
  • Traditional methods often rely on heavy-metal ions, which can have limitations in binding and toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate 5-Amino-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalic acid (I3C) as a novel phasing agent in X-ray crystallography.
  • To assess the suitability of I3C for single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) phasing.

Main Methods:

  • Incorporation of I3C into protein structures.
  • Utilizing single-wavelength anomalous dispersion (SAD) techniques for phase acquisition.

Main Results:

  • I3C, with its three covalently bound iodines, facilitates phase determination.
  • Demonstrated improved binding capability compared to conventional heavy-metal ions.
  • Showcased ready availability, enhanced recognition of heavy-atom sites, and low toxicity of I3C.

Conclusions:

  • I3C is a promising reagent for experimental phasing in X-ray crystallography.
  • Its properties make it a valuable tool for overcoming phasing bottlenecks in structural biology.
  • I3C offers an effective and potentially safer alternative for macromolecular structure determination.