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Related Concept Videos

Protein Complex Assembly02:41

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
Many viruses self-assemble into a fully functional unit using the infected host cell to...
Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly01:19

Inhibitors of Virion Maturation and Assembly

As part of their replication cycle, certain viruses synthesize long precursor proteins called polyproteins within infected host cells. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), two major polyproteins are produced: Gag and Gag-Pol. The Gag polyprotein supplies the structural components of the virus, while Gag-Pol includes essential viral enzymes such as reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease. After synthesis, these polyproteins move to the host cell membrane, where they assemble into an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Structure of HIV-1 Capsid Assemblies by Cryo-electron Microscopy and Iterative Helical Real-space Reconstruction
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Methods for the study of HIV-1 assembly.

Abdul A Waheed1, Akira Ono, Eric O Freed

  • 1Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program NCI-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 21, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study details the critical HIV-1 virus assembly process, from Gag protein synthesis to viral release. Understanding these HIV assembly mechanisms is key to developing new antiviral strategies.

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Imaging of HIV-1 Envelope-induced Virological Synapse and Signaling on Synthetic Lipid Bilayers

Published on: March 8, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Virus assembly is a crucial stage in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication cycle.
  • The process begins with the synthesis of the Gag precursor protein (Pr55Gag) in the infected cell's cytosol.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the distinct phases of the HIV-1 assembly and release pathway.
  • To describe various techniques used to study HIV-1 assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and transport of Pr55Gag to the plasma membrane.
  • Gag-Gag interactions and assembly of Gag protein patches.
  • Association of viral envelope glycoproteins (Env) with Gag.
  • Budding and release of the viral particle from the cell surface.
  • Proteolytic cleavage of Pr55Gag by viral protease into mature Gag proteins (matrix, capsid, nucleocapsid, p6).

Main Results:

  • Pr55Gag accumulates at the plasma membrane, forming electron-dense patches.
  • Gag multimerization drives viral budding.
  • Proteolytic processing of Gag is essential for core condensation and viral maturation.
  • Mature, infectious virus particles are released to infect new cells.

Conclusions:

  • The described techniques allow for detailed study of each phase of HIV-1 assembly and release.
  • Understanding these processes is vital for targeting viral replication.
  • This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of methodologies for studying HIV-1 assembly.