Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas Chromatography: Introduction

Gas chromatography (GC) is a technique for separating and analyzing volatile compounds in a sample. Its primary purpose is to identify and quantify components in complex mixtures, making it essential in fields such as environmental analysis, pharmaceuticals, and petrochemicals. GC is also called vapor-phase chromatography (VPC) or gas-liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).
In GC, a sample is vaporized and mixed with an inert carrier gas (the mobile phase), which transports it through a column.

Size-Exclusion Chromatography

Size-Exclusion Chromatography

In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
Silica particles offer advantages such as rigidity,...

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cutoff-dependent test responses and age, sex and seasonal variations of the alcohol biomarkers phosphatidylethanol (PEth) and carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT).

Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation·2026

Same author

MeCP2 Governs maternal hyperandrogenism-induced cortical defects and behavioral alterations via noncanonical AR-dependent regulation of Mef2c.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Ferroptosis in ovarian cancer: Regulation, immunity, and therapeutic potential with the tumor microenvironment.

Seminars in oncology·2026

Same author

Unusual Fragmentations of Silylated Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds Induced by Electron Ionization.

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry·2025

Same author

Origin and Interpretation of Low Methamphetamine Levels Found in Amphetamine-Positive Urine Samples: Support for Methylation of Amphetamine as a Minor Metabolic Pathway.

Drug testing and analysis·2025

Same author

Characterization of the Trimethylsilyl Derivatives of 6-Amino-3-methyl-1,4-diphenyl-1,4-dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile and Its Analogs by Electron Ionization Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry.

Journal of mass spectrometry : JMS·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Straightforward Method for Glucosinolate Extraction and Analysis with High-pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

A Straightforward Method for Glucosinolate Extraction and Analysis with High-pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Published on: March 15, 2017

Solid-phase extraction procedure for ethyl glucuronide in urine.

Yufang Zheng¹, Anders Helander

¹Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet and Alcohol Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

|November 22, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new solid-phase extraction method improves the measurement of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in urine, a key biomarker for recent alcohol consumption. This technique enhances accuracy, especially at low concentrations, aiding in reliable alcohol use detection.

More Related Videos

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil

Published on: May 19, 2012

Detection of Regulated Ergot Alkaloids in Food Matrices by Liquid Chromatography-Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Detection of Regulated Ergot Alkaloids in Food Matrices by Liquid Chromatography-Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Published on: November 22, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 27, 2026

A Straightforward Method for Glucosinolate Extraction and Analysis with High-pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

A Straightforward Method for Glucosinolate Extraction and Analysis with High-pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Published on: March 15, 2017

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil

GC-based Detection of Aldononitrile Acetate Derivatized Glucosamine and Muramic Acid for Microbial Residue Determination in Soil

Published on: May 19, 2012

Detection of Regulated Ergot Alkaloids in Food Matrices by Liquid Chromatography-Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Detection of Regulated Ergot Alkaloids in Food Matrices by Liquid Chromatography-Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

Published on: November 22, 2024

Area of Science:

Clinical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Forensic Toxicology

Background:

Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a reliable biomarker for recent alcohol consumption.
Accurate quantification of urinary EtG is crucial for monitoring alcohol use.
Existing mass spectrometric methods may require sample cleanup to remove interfering substances.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate a solid-phase extraction (SPE) method for cleaning up urinary EtG samples.
To improve the quantification of low-concentration urinary EtG using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Main Methods:

A novel SPE procedure utilizing a HyperSep SAX strong anion exchanger was developed.
Urine samples (50-100 microL) were processed, and EtG was reconstituted in the original volume.
Analysis was performed using LC-MS, with a deuterated analogue (EtG-d(5)) as an internal standard.

Main Results:

The SPE method provided cleaner extracts without sample dilution, enhancing low-concentration EtG quantification.
The combined SPE-LC-MS method achieved a detection limit below 0.1 mg/L EtG.
Assay imprecision was less than 5.5% (total CV) in the 0.5-5.0 mg/L range, with ~80% absolute recovery.

Conclusions:

The developed SPE procedure effectively cleans urinary samples for EtG analysis.
This method improves the accuracy and sensitivity of urinary EtG measurement by LC-MS.
The SPE-LC-MS assay demonstrated high correlation with a validated ultra-performance LC-tandem MS method.