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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Forced Transdifferentiation01:28

Forced Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
Artificial transdifferentiation occurs...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ
13:05

De Novo Generation of Somatic Stem Cells by YAP/TAZ

Published on: May 7, 2018

Reprogramming of somatic cell identity.

J Hanna1, B W Carey, R Jaenisch

  • 1The Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology
|November 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian cell identity, established by epigenetic modifications, can be reprogrammed. This review focuses on reprogramming terminally differentiated lymphocytes, exploring molecular mechanisms of cell identity rewiring.

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In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
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Isolation of Adult Human Dermal Fibroblasts from Abdominal Skin and Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Non-Integrating Method
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian somatic cells arise from a single zygote but differentiate into diverse cell types.
  • Epigenetic modifications are crucial for establishing and maintaining cell-specific gene expression programs.
  • Cell identity is plastic and can be altered through reprogramming techniques like nuclear transfer and cell fusion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent insights into the molecular mechanisms and cellular events underlying somatic cell identity programming and reprogramming.
  • To highlight the role of transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers in cell identity.
  • To focus on the reprogramming of terminally differentiated lymphocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on cell reprogramming.
  • Analysis of studies involving nuclear transfer and cell-fusion experiments.
  • Focus on molecular mechanisms and cellular events in lymphocyte reprogramming.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic signatures directing cell identity can be erased and modified.
  • Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to pluripotency, enabling reexpression of developmental programs.
  • Transcription factors and epigenetic modifiers are key players in establishing, maintaining, and rewiring cell identity.

Conclusions:

  • Somatic cell identity is dynamically regulated by epigenetic modifications and transcription factors.
  • Reprogramming offers potential for understanding and manipulating cell fate.
  • Terminally differentiated lymphocytes serve as a model for studying cell identity reprogramming mechanisms.