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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors01:22

Antiviral Nucleoside Inhibitors

Antiviral Nucleoside InhibitorsAntiviral nucleoside inhibitors are structural analogs of natural nucleosides that interfere with viral DNA or RNA synthesis. These compounds selectively target viral polymerases due to their resemblance to host nucleosides, thereby disrupting viral genome replication.Mechanism of Acyclovir ActionAcyclovir is a guanosine analog with a three-carbon acyclic side chain. It selectively targets herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2),...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance in MRSA

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria arises when microorganisms evolve the ability to withstand drugs designed to kill them or inhibit their growth, rendering once-effective treatments useless. This phenomenon, driven by genetic change and selection under antibiotic exposure, poses a profound threat to modern medicine. Mechanisms include drug-inactivating enzymes (e.g., β-lactamases), efflux pumps that eject antibiotics, mutations altering antibiotic targets, decreased drug uptake, and acquisition...
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[Viral drug resistance].

Susanne Gjeruldsen Dudman1, Kathrine Stene-Johansen, Inger Sofie Samdal Vik

  • 1Avdeling for virologi, Nasjonalt folkehelseinstitutt, 0403 Oslo. susanne.gjeruldsen.dudman@fhi.no

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Viral resistance to antiviral drugs is a growing concern in treating chronic infections, often leading to treatment failure. Susceptibility testing is crucial for personalized treatment and monitoring the spread of resistant viruses.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Antiviral drug resistance is a significant and increasing challenge in managing viral infections.
  • Long-term treatment of latent and chronic viral infections contributes to the development of resistance.
  • Viral resistance can be a primary cause of clinical treatment failure.

Purpose:

  • To provide a comprehensive understanding of viral resistance mechanisms and their clinical implications.
  • To highlight the importance of viral susceptibility testing in patient management.
  • To discuss the role of surveillance in controlling the spread of antiviral resistance.

Summary:

  • Viral resistance development is a major issue in antiviral therapy, impacting treatment efficacy for chronic infections.
  • Susceptibility testing aids in tailoring antiviral treatments to individual patients and diagnosing treatment failures.
  • Systematic surveillance for viral resistance is essential for empirical therapy selection and monitoring resistance spread.

Impact:

  • Susceptibility testing is vital for optimizing patient treatment outcomes and managing antiviral drug resistance.
  • Effective infection control measures and combination antiviral therapies can limit the prevalence of viral resistance.
  • Understanding and monitoring viral resistance are critical for public health and effective infectious disease management.