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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Targeted Microinjection and Electroporation of Primate Cerebral Organoids for Genetic Modification
11:44

Targeted Microinjection and Electroporation of Primate Cerebral Organoids for Genetic Modification

Published on: March 24, 2023

Gene regulation in primates evolves under tissue-specific selection pressures.

Ran Blekhman1, Alicia Oshlack, Adrien E Chabot

  • 1Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America.

Plos Genetics
|November 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adaptive gene regulation changes in humans were identified through genome-wide surveys. These changes, particularly in metabolic pathways, suggest diet shifts drove human evolution with fewer negative effects than protein changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Comparative genomics

Background:

  • Regulatory changes are hypothesized drivers of primate evolution.
  • Identifying adaptive regulatory evolution is key to understanding human uniqueness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a genome-wide survey for genes with regulatory evolution under natural selection in humans.
  • To investigate the role of diet and tissue-specific pressures in human regulatory adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative gene expression analysis using multi-species microarrays.
  • Examined gene expression in liver, kidney, and heart tissues of humans, chimpanzees, and rhesus macaques.
  • Statistical analysis to detect signatures of stabilizing or directional selection on gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • Identified numerous genes and pathways with inter-species expression profiles indicative of selection.
  • Found enrichment of metabolic pathway genes, supporting diet-shift hypotheses.
  • Observed tissue-specific selection pressures and slower protein evolution in genes with adaptive regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Adaptive changes in gene regulation, particularly in metabolism, have shaped human evolution.
  • Regulatory evolution may offer a less pleiotropic route for adaptation compared to protein evolution.
  • Gene regulation provides insights into human adaptation, diet, and tissue-specific evolutionary pressures.