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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
Structure and Function of Erythrocytes01:29

Structure and Function of Erythrocytes

There are between 4.2 and 6 million erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, in every microliter of blood. These cells are small, flattened biconcave discs with centers that are depressed.
The erythrocyte plasma membrane is associated with proteins such as spectrin, which forms a flexible cytoplasmic meshwork. This meshwork allows erythrocytes to twist, turn, become cup-shaped, and regain their biconcave shape as they pass through narrow capillaries. Additionally, erythrocytes can form...
Lifecycle of Erythrocytes01:22

Lifecycle of Erythrocytes

Erythrocytes, also known as red blood cells, constantly move through blood capillaries. As a result, they damage their plasma membrane due to the continuous friction. Typically, after 100 to 120 days, erythrocytes become rigid and fragile as they wear out. As they pass through small vessels in the spleen and liver, they can get trapped and break apart into fragments.
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2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
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X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
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2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Measuring Deformability and Red Cell Heterogeneity in Blood by Ektacytometry
09:12

Measuring Deformability and Red Cell Heterogeneity in Blood by Ektacytometry

Published on: January 12, 2018

Erythrocyte-shape evolution recorded with fast-measurement NMR diffusion-diffraction.

Guilhem Pages1, David Szekely, Philip W Kuchel

  • 1School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia.

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|November 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) effectively monitors red blood cell (RBC) shape changes and correlates them with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, offering insights into cellular health.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Red blood cell (RBC) shape is critical for function.
  • Monitoring RBC shape changes and their biochemical underpinnings is essential for understanding cellular health and disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To monitor red blood cell (RBC) shape evolution using (1)H(2)O diffusion-diffraction NMR.
  • To correlate RBC mean diameter with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentration after sodium fluoride (NaF) poisoning.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized pulsed-field gradient-stimulated echo (PFGSTE) diffusion experiments on (1)H(2)O in RBC suspensions.
  • Employed differential interference contrast (DIC) light microscopy for shape change analysis.
  • Measured mean ATP concentration using (31)P NMR spectroscopy.

Main Results:

  • Sodium fluoride (NaF) induced RBC shape changes from discocytes to spherocytes over 6-10 hours at different temperatures.
  • ATP concentration decreased significantly before shape transformation, reaching zero within 1.5-3.0 hours.
  • NMR provided temporal resolution for correlating shape changes with ATP depletion.

Conclusions:

  • NMR is a viable method for monitoring RBC shape evolution with high temporal resolution.
  • The study successfully correlated RBC mean diameter changes with ATP concentration using NMR.
  • This technique facilitates correlation with DIC microscopy and (31)P NMR spectroscopy.