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Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 27, 2026

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Stimulus-specific Cortical Visual Evoked Potential Morphological Patterns

Published on: May 12, 2019

Frequency-dependent electrical stimulation of the visual cortex.

Ryota Kanai¹, Leila Chaieb, Andrea Antal

¹Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Dept of Psychology, University College London, 17 Queen Square, WC1N 3AR, London, UK. kanair@gmail.com

Current Biology : CB

|November 26, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can create visual experiences like phosphenes. This noninvasive brain stimulation technique interacts with brain rhythms, with effective frequencies changing based on light conditions.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science
Neuroimaging

Background:

Noninvasive cortical stimulation (TMS, tDCS) establishes brain-region function links.
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a novel technique for brain research.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate tACS's interaction with visual cortex rhythmic activity.
To determine if tACS can induce visual experiences (phosphenes) in a frequency-specific manner.

Main Methods:

Delivered oscillatory current to the occipital cortex using tACS.
Compared tACS effects under light and dark conditions to probe interactions with ongoing cortical rhythms.

Main Results:

tACS induced phosphenes most effectively in the beta frequency range in light.
The optimal stimulation frequency shifted to the alpha range in darkness.
Theta and gamma frequencies did not elicit visual phenomena.

Conclusions:

tACS frequency dependency suggests interaction with endogenous cortical oscillations.
tACS is a promising noninvasive tool for linking brain rhythms to function.