Isolation and characterization of a bovine isolate of Neospora caninum with low virulence

Neospora caninum tachyzoites were isolated from the brain of an asymptomatic naturally infected calf with precolostral-specific antibodies. The new isolate, named Nc-Spain 1H, was identified as a member of the N. caninum species based on its internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequence and was genetically characterized using microsatellite markers. Multilocus analysis showed that Nc-Spain 1H was genetically different from other N. caninum isolates. We compared the in vitro tachyzoite yield and viability rate of the Nc-Spain 1H and Nc-1 isolates in a plaque assay. The lower tachyzoite yields displayed by Nc-Spain 1H were complemented with a significantly lower viability rate. Moreover, in an in vitro tachyzoite-bradyzoite stage conversion assay, the percentage of Nc-Spain 1H bradyzoite conversion was similar to that of the cystogenic isolate Nc-Liv, with the exception that Nc-Spain 1H produced only intermediate bradyzoites. The pathogenicity of Nc-Spain 1H was examined in BALB/c mice, and the results demonstrated that Nc-Spain 1H failed to induce clinical signs or mortality and that no parasite DNA was detected in the brain during the chronic stage of infection. In a pregnant mouse model, Nc-1 infection resulted in high transplacental transmission, leading to a high neonatal mortality rate over time. In contrast, the offspring survival rate from Nc-Spain 1H-infected dams was almost 100%, and N. caninum DNA was detected in only one pup. These data show that Nc-Spain 1H appears to be a low virulence isolate and may be a suitable candidate for live vaccine development.